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17.2: First Order Homogeneous Linear Equations

  • Page ID
    4842
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    A simple, but important and useful, type of separable equation is the first order homogeneous linear equation:

    Definition: first order homogeneous linear differential equation

    A first order homogeneous linear differential equation is one of the form

    \[\dot y + p(t)y=0\]

    or equivalently

    \[\dot y = -p(t)y.\]

    "Linear'' in this definition indicates that both \(\dot y\) and \(y\) occur to the first power; "homogeneous'' refers to the zero on the right hand side of the first form of the equation.

    Example \(\PageIndex{2}\)

    The equation \(\dot y = 2t(25-y)\) can be written \(\dot y + 2ty= 50t\). This is linear, but not homogeneous. The equation \(\dot y=ky\), or \(\dot y-ky=0\) is linear and homogeneous, with a particularly simple \(p(t)=-k\).

    Because first order homogeneous linear equations are separable, we can solve them in the usual way:

    \[\eqalign{ \dot y &= -p(t)y\cr \int {1\over y}\,dy &= \int -p(t)\,dt\cr \ln|y| &= P(t)+C\cr y&=\pm\,e^{P(t)}\cr y&=Ae^{P(t)},\cr} \]

    where \(P(t)\) is an anti-derivative of \(-p(t)\). As in previous examples, if we allow \(A=0\) we get the constant solution \(y=0\).

    Example \(\PageIndex{3}\)

    Solve the initial value problems \(\dot y + y\cos t =0\), \(y(0)=1/2\) and \(y(2)=1/2\).

    Solution

    We start with

    \[P(t)=\int -\cos t\,dt = -\sin t,\]

    so the general solution to the differential equation is

    \[y=Ae^{-\sin t}.\]

    To compute \(A\) we substitute:

    \[ {1\over 2} = Ae^{-\sin 0} = A,\]

    so the solutions is

    \[ y = {1\over 2} e^{-\sin t}.\]

    For the second problem,

    \[ \eqalign{{1\over 2} &= Ae^{-\sin 2}\cr A &= {1\over 2}e^{\sin 2}\cr}\]

    so the solution is

    \[ y = {1\over 2}e^{\sin 2}e^{-\sin t}.\]

    Example \(\PageIndex{4}\)

    Solve the initial value problem \(y\dot y+3y=0\), \(y(1)=2\), assuming \(t>0\).

    Solution

    We write the equation in standard form: \(\dot y+3y/t=0\). Then

    \[P(t)=\int -{3\over t}\,dt=-3\ln t\]

    and

    \[ y=Ae^{-3\ln t}=At^{-3}.\]

    Substituting to find \(A\): \(2=A(1)^{-3}=A\), so the solution is \(y=2t^{-3}\).

    Contributors


    This page titled 17.2: First Order Homogeneous Linear Equations is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David Guichard.

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