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14.7E: Exercises for Section 14.7

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    • Gilbert Strang & Edwin “Jed” Herman
    • OpenStax
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    Finding Critical Points

    In exercises 1 - 5, find all critical points.

    1) \( f(x,y)=1+x^2+y^2\)

    Answer
    \( (0,0)\)

    2) \( f(x, y) = 1 - (x -2)^2 + (y+3)^2\)

    3) \( f(x,y)=(3x−2)^2+(y−4)^2\)

    Answer
    \( \left(\frac{2}{3},4\right)\)

    4) \( f(x,y)=x^4+y^4−16xy\)

    Answer
    \( (0,0), \quad (-2,-2), \quad (2,2)\)

    5) \( f(x,y)=15x^3−3xy+15y^3\)

    Answer
    \( (0,0), \quad \left(\frac{1}{15},\frac{1}{15}\right)\)

    Finding Extrema & the Second Partials Test

    In exercises 6 - 9, find the critical points of the function and test for extrema or saddle points by using algebraic techniques (completing the square) or by examining the form of the equation. Where possible, verify your results using the Second Partials Test.

    6) \( f(x,y)=-\sqrt{x^2+y^2}\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: \( (0, 0) \)
    Extrema: \( f\) has a relative maximum of \(0\) at \( (0, 0)\).
    To justify this, consider the fact that the square root function cannot give a negative value, so this function cannot possibly return a positive value. Since it's value is \(0\) at the critical point \( (0, 0)\), we know it must be the function's absolute maximum value.

    7) \( f(x,y)=−x^2−5y^2+8x−10y−13\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: \( (4, -1) \)
    Extrema: \( f\) has a relative maximum of \(8\) at \( (4,−1)\).
    To justify this, we complete the square on this function, being careful to factor out the coefficient of the squared terms before completing the square.
    \[\begin{align*} f(x, y) &= −x^2−5y^2+8x−10y−13 \\ &= −(x^2-8x\quad\quad)−5(y^2+2y\quad\quad)−13 \\ &= −(x^2-8x+16)−5(y^2+2y+1)−13+16+5 \\ &= -(x-4)^2 -5(y+1)^2+8\end{align*}\]
    Note that this quadratic polynomial function takes the form \( z = -(x^2 + y^2)\), so we can see that it will have a relative (and, in fact, absolute) maximum at its vertex (the critical point \( (4, -1) \)). We can also argue that since we are subtracting squared terms from 8, we cannot possibly obtain a function value larger than 8, and since we do get a value of 8 at the critical point \( (4, -1) \), we know it will be the absolute maximum value of this function.

    8) \( f(x,y)=x^2+y^2+2x−6y+6\)

    9) \( f(x,y)=\sqrt{x^2+y^2}+1\)

    Answer
    Crit. Pts.: \( (0, 0) \)
    Extrema: \( f\) has a relative minimum of \(1\) at \( (0,0)\).
    To justify this, consider the fact that the square root function cannot give a negative value, so this function cannot possibly return a value less than \(1\). Since it's value is \(1\) at the critical point \( (0, 0)\), we know \(1\) must be the function's absolute minimum value.

    In exercises 10 - 34, identify any critical points and use the Second Patials Test to determine the behavior of the function at each critical point, whether there is a maximum, minimum, saddle point, or none of these. If the Second Partials Test fails, determine the function's behavior at the point using another method and justify your answer clearly.

    10) \( f(x,y)=−x^3+4xy−2y^2+1\)

    11) \( f(x,y)=x^2y^2\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: All points on the lines \( x = 0 \) and \( y = 0\) are critical points of this function.
    Exrema: The Second Partials Test fails.
    Since \( x^2y^2>0\) for all \( x\) and \( y\) different from zero, and \( x^2y^2=0\) when either \( x\) or \( y\) equals zero (or both), then the absolute minimum of \(0\) occurs at all points on the \(x\)- or \(y\)-axes, that is, for all points on the lines \( x = 0 \) and \( y = 0\).

    12) \( f(x,y)=x^2−6x+y^2+4y−8\)

    13) \( f(x,y)=2xy+3x+4y\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: \( \left(−2,−\frac{3}{2}\right) \)
    Exrema: \(f\) has a saddle point at \( \left(−2,−\frac{3}{2},−6\right) \).

    14) \( f(x,y)=8xy(x+y)+7\)

    15) \( f(x,y)=x^2+4xy+y^2\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: \( (0,0) \)
    Exrema: \(f\) has a saddle point at \( (0,0,0)\).

    16) \( f(x,y)=x^3+y^3−300x−75y−3\)

    17) \( f(x,y)=9−x^4y^4\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: All points on the lines \( x = 0 \) and \( y = 0\) are critical points of this function.
    Extrema: The Second Partials Test fails.
    Since the term \( -x^4y^4<0\) for all \( x\) and \( y\) different from zero, and \( -x^4y^4=0\) when either \( x\) or \( y\) equals zero (or both), then this function cannot attain a value greater than \(9\) anywhere, but is \(9\) at the critical points. Thus \(f\) has an absolute maximum of \(9\) at all points on the \(x\)- or \(y\)-axes, that is, for all points on the lines \( x = 0 \) and \( y = 0\).

    18) \( f(x,y)=x^2+10xy+y^2\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: \( (0,0) \)
    Extrema: \(f\) has a saddle point at \( (0,0,0)\).

    19) \(f(x,y) = x^4 + y^2 + 2xy + 3\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: \( (0,0), \quad \left(-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right), \quad \left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right) \)
    Extrema: \(f\) has a saddle point at \( (0, 0, 3) \),
    \(f\) has a local minimum of \( 2.75\) at the point \( \left(-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right) \).
    \(f\) has a local minimum of \( 2.75\) at the point \( \left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}, -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right) \).

    20) \( f(x,y)=7x^2y+9xy^2\)

    21) \( f(x,y)=3x^2−2xy+y^2−8y\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: \( (2,6) \)
    Extrema: \(f\) has a relative minimum of \( -24\) located at \( (2,6)\).

    22) \( f(x,y)=3x^2+2xy+y^2\)

    23) \( f(x,y)=y^2+xy+3y+2x+3\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: \( (1,−2) \)
    Extrema: \(f\) has a saddle point at \( (1,−2,1)\).

    24) \( f(x,y)=x^2+xy+y^2−3x\)

    25) \( f(x,y)=x^2+2y^2−x^2y\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: \( (0,0), \quad (-2,1), \quad (2,1)\)
    Extrema: \(f\) has a relative minimum of \(0\) at \( (0,0) \) and saddle points at \( (2,1,2)\) and \( (−2,1,2)\).

    26) \( f(x,y)=x^2+y−e^y\)

    27) \( f(x,y)=e^{−(x^2+y^2+2x)}\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: \( (-1,0) \)
    Extrema: \(f\) has a relative maximum of \( e \) located at \( (-1,0)\).
    See this problem illustrated in CalcPlot3D.

    28) \( f(x,y)=x^2+xy+y^2−x−y+1\)

    29) \(f(x,y) = x^2y(9 - x + y)\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: \( \left(\frac{9}{2},-\frac{9}{4}\right), \quad (9,0)\), and all points on the line \(x = 0\)
    Extrema: \(f\) has a saddle point at \( (9,0,0)\) and a relative minimum of \(-102.515625\) at \( \left(\frac{9}{2},-\frac{9}{4}\right)\).
    At the critical points on the line \(x = 0\), \(f\) has neither relative extrema nor saddle points, but they do represent a sort of trough on the surface.

    30) \( f(x,y)=−x^2−5y^2+10x−30y−62\)

    31) \( f(x,y)=120x+120y−xy−x^2−y^2\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: \( (40,40) \)
    Extrema: \(f\) has a relative maximum of \( 4800 \) located at \( (40,40)\).

    32) \( f(x,y)=2x^2+2xy+y^2+2x−3\)

    33) \( f(x,y)=x^2+x−3xy+y^3−5\)

    Answer
    Crit. pts.: \( \left(\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{2}\right)\) and \((1, 1) \)
    Extrema: \(f\) has a saddle point at \( \left(\frac{1}{4},\frac{1}{2}, -\frac{79}{16}\right)\) and a relative minimum of \( -5 \) at \( (1,1)\).

    34) \( f(x,y)=2xye^{−x^2−y^2}\)

    In exercises 35 - 37, determine the extreme values and the saddle points. Use a CAS to graph the function.

    35) [T] \( f(x,y)=ye^x−e^y\)

    Answer

    A saddle point is located at \( (0,0,-1).\)

    36) [T] \( f(x,y)=x\sin(y)\)

    37) [T] \( f(x,y)=\sin(x)\sin(y),\quad x∈(0,2π),\quad y∈(0,2π)\)

    Answer

    There is a saddle point at \( (π,π),\) local maxima at \( \left(\frac{π}{2},\frac{π}{2}\right)\) and \( \left(\frac{3π}{2},\frac{3π}{2}\right)\), and local minima at \( \left(\frac{π}{2},\frac{3π}{2}\right)\) and \( \left(\frac{3π}{2},\frac{π}{2}\right)\).

    Surface plot of the function f(x,y) = sin(x) sin(y)

    In exercises 38 - 41, find the absolute extrema of the given function on the indicated closed and bounded set \(R\).

    38) \(f(x,y)=xy−x−3y\) where \(R\) is the triangular region with vertices \((0,0), \, (0,4),\) and \((5,0)\).

    39) Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of \(f(x,y)=x^2+y^2−2y+1\) on the region \(R=\big\{(x,y) \, | \, x^2+y^2≤4\big\}.\)

    Answer
    \((0,1,0)\) is the absolute minimum and \((0,−2,9)\) is the absolute maximum.

    40) \(f(x,y)=x^3−3xy−y^3\) on \(R=\big\{(x,y) \, | \, −2≤x≤2,\;−2≤y≤2\big\}\)

    41) \(f(x,y)=\dfrac{−2y}{x^2+y^2+1}\) on \(R=\big\{(x,y) \, | \, x^2+y^2≤4\big\}\)

    Answer
    There is an absolute minimum at \((0,1,−1)\) and an absolute maximum at \((0,−1,1)\).

    42) Find three positive numbers the sum of which is \(27\), such that the sum of their squares is as small as possible.

    43) Find the points on the surface \(x^2−yz=5\) that are closest to the origin.

    Answer
    \(\left(\sqrt{5},0,0\right), \; \left(−\sqrt{5},0,0\right)\)

    44) Find the maximum volume of a rectangular box with three faces in the coordinate planes and a vertex in the first octant on the line \(x+y+z=1\).

    45) The sum of the length and the girth (perimeter of a cross-section) of a package carried by a delivery service cannot exceed \(108\) in. Find the dimensions of the rectangular package of largest volume that can be sent.

    Answer
    \(18\) by \(36\) by \(18\) in.

    46) A cardboard box without a lid is to be made with a volume of \(4\) ft3. Find the dimensions of the box that requires the least amount of cardboard.

    47) Find the point on the surface \(f(x,y)=x^2+y^2+10\) nearest the plane \(x+2y−z=0.\) Identify the point on the plane.

    Answer
    \(\left(\frac{47}{24},\frac{47}{12},\frac{235}{24}\right)\)

    48) Find the point in the plane \(2x−y+2z=16\) that is closest to the origin.

    49) A company manufactures two types of athletic shoes: jogging shoes and cross-trainers. The total revenue from \(x\) units of jogging shoes and \(y\) units of cross-trainers is given by \(R(x,y)=−5x^2−8y^2−2xy+42x+102y,\) where \(x\) and \(y\) are in thousands of units. Find the values of \(x\) and \(y\) to maximize the total revenue.

    Answer
    \(x=3\) and \(y=6\)

    50) A shipping company handles rectangular boxes provided the sum of the length, width, and height of the box does not exceed \(96\)in. Find the dimensions of the box that meets this condition and has the largest volume.

    51) Find the maximum volume of a cylindrical soda can such that the sum of its height and circumference is \(120\) cm.

    Answer
    \(V=\dfrac{64,000}{π}≈20,372\text{ cm}^3\)

    Contributors

    • Gilbert Strang (MIT) and Edwin “Jed” Herman (Harvey Mudd) with many contributing authors. This content by OpenStax is licensed with a CC-BY-SA-NC 4.0 license. Download for free at http://cnx.org.

    • Paul Seeburger (Monroe Community College) created problems 19 and 29, and added dynamic figures for problems 27 and 35.

    This page titled 14.7E: Exercises for Section 14.7 is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Gilbert Strang & Edwin “Jed” Herman (OpenStax) via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request.