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12.E: Exercises

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    299
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    Calculational Exercises

    1. In each of the following, find matrices \(A, x,\) and \(b\) such that the given system of linear equations can be expressed as the single matrix equation \(Ax = b.\)

    \[ (a)~~ \left. \begin{array}{ccccccc} 2x_1 &-& 3x_2& + &5x_3 &= &7 \\ 9x_1& - &x_2& +& x_3& =& -1 \\ x_1& + &5x_2& +& 4x_3 &= &0 \end{array} \right\} ~~~ (b)~~ \left. \begin{array}{ccccccccc} 4x_1&&& -& 3x_3& +& x_4& =& 1 \\ 5x_1& +& x_2&&& -& 8x_4& =& 3 \\ 2x_1& - &5x_2& + &9x_3& -& x_4& =& 0 \\ &&3x_2& - &x_3& +& 7x_4& =& 2\end{array} \right\} \]

    2. In each of the following, express the matrix equation as a system of linear equations.

    \[ (a) \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} 3 & -1 & 2 \\ 4 & 3 & 7 \\ -2& 1 & 5 \end{array} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \end{array} \right] = \left[ \begin{array}{c} 2 \\ -1 \\ 4 \end{array} \right] ~~~ (b)\left[ \begin{array}{cccc} 3 & -2 & 0&1 \\ 5 & 0 & 2 & -2\\ 3& 1 & 4&7\\ -2&5&1&6 \end{array} \right] \left[ \begin{array}{c} w \\ x\\ y\\ z \end{array} \right] = \left[ \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ 0\\ 0\\ 0 \end{array} \right] \]

    3. Suppose that \(A, B, C, D,\) and \(E\) are matrices over \(\mathbb{F}\) having the following sizes:

    \[A {\it{~is~}} 4 \times 5,~~ B {\it{~is~}} 4 \times 5,~~ C {\it{~is~}} 5 \times 2,~~ D {\it{~is~}} 4 \times 2,\]

    Determine whether the following matrix expressions are defined, and, for those that are defined, determine the size of the resulting matrix.

    \[(a)~ BA ~~~(b)~ AC + D ~~~(c)~ AE + B~~~ (d)~ AB + B~~~ (e)~E(A + B)~~~ (f) E(AC)\]

    4. Suppose that \(A, B, C, D,\) and \(E\) are the following matrices:

    \[ A=\left[ \begin{array}{cc} 3 & 0 \\ -1 & 2 \\ 1&1 \end{array} \right],~ B= \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 4 & -1 \\ 0 & 2 \end{array} \right], ~ C= \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 4 &2 \\ 3 & 1&5 \end{array} \right],\\ D= \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 5 &2 \\ -1 & 0 & 1 \\ 3& 2 & 4\end{array} \right], {\it{~and ~}}E= \left[\begin{array}{ccc} 6 & 1 &3 \\ -1 & 1 & 2 \\ 4& 1 & 3\end{array} \right]. \]

    Determine whether the following matrix expressions are defined, and, for those that are defined, compute the resulting matrix.

    \((a)~ D + E~~ (b)~ D - E~~ (c)~ 5A~~ (d)~ -7C~~ (e)~ 2B - C\\
    (f)~ 2E - 2D~~ (g)~ -3(D + 2E)~~ (h)~A - A~~ (i)~ AB~~ (j)~ BA\\
    (k)~ (3E)D~~ (l)~ (AB)C ~~(m)~ A(BC)~~ (n)~(4B)C + 2B ~~(o)~ D - 3E\\
    (p)~ CA + 2E ~~(q)~ 4E - D ~~(r)~ DD\)

    5. Suppose that \(A, B,\) and \(C\) are the following matrices and that \(a = 4\) and \(b = 7.\)

    \[ A= \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 5 & 2 \\ -1 & 0 & 1 \\ 3 & 2 & 4 \end{array} \right],B = \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} 6 & 1 & 3 \\ -1 & 1 & 2 \\ 4 & 1 & 3 \end{array} \right], {\it{~and~}} C = \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 5 & 2 \\ -1 & 0 & 1 \\ 3 & 2 & 4 \end{array} \right]. \]

    Verify computationally that
    \( (a)~ A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C ~~~(b) ~(AB)C = A(BC)\\
    (c)~ (a + b)C = aC + bC ~~~(d)~ a(B - C) = aB - aC\\
    (e)~ a(BC) = (aB)C = B(aC) ~~~(f)A(B - C) = AB - AC\\
    (g)~ (B + C)A = BA + CA ~~~(h) a(bC) = (ab)C\\
    (i)~ B - C = -C + B\)

    6. Suppose that \(A\) is the matrix
    \[A=\left[ \begin{array}{cc} 3 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} \right] \]
    Compute \(p(A)\), where \(p(z)\) is given by
    \((a)~ p(z) = z - 2 ~~~(b)~ p(z) = 2z^2 - z + 1\\
    (c)~ p(z) = z^3 - 2z + 4~~~ (d)~ p(z) = z^2 - 4z + 1\)

    7. Define matrices \(A, B, C, D,\) and \(E\) by

    \[ A=\left[ \begin{array}{cc} 3 & 1 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} \right],~ B= \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 4 & -1 \\ 0 & 2 \end{array} \right], ~ C= \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} 2 & -3 &5 \\ 9 & -1&1 \\ 1&5&4\end{array} \right],\\ D= \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 5 &2 \\ -1 & 0 & 1 \\ 3& 2 & 4\end{array} \right], {\it{~and ~}}E= \left[\begin{array}{ccc} 6 & 1 &3 \\ -1 & 1 & 2 \\ 4& 1 & 3\end{array} \right]. \]

    (a) Factor each matrix into a product of elementary matrices and an RREF matrix.
    (b) Find, if possible, the LU-factorization of each matrix.
    (c) Determine whether or not each of these matrices is invertible, and, if possible, compute the inverse.

    8. Suppose that \(A, B, C, D,\) and \(E\) are the following matrices:

    \[ A=\left[ \begin{array}{cc} 3 & 0 \\ -1 & 2 \\ 1&1 \end{array} \right],~ B= \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 4 & -1 \\ 0 & 2 \end{array} \right], ~ C= \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 4 &2 \\ 3 & 1&5 \end{array} \right],\\ D= \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 5 &2 \\ -1 & 0 & 1 \\ 3& 2 & 4\end{array} \right], {\it{~and ~}}E= \left[\begin{array}{ccc} 6 & 1 &3 \\ -1 & 1 & 2 \\ 4& 1 & 3\end{array} \right]. \]

    Determine whether the following matrix expressions are defined, and, for those that are defined, compute the resulting matrix.

    \( (a)~ 2A^T + C~~~ (b)~ D^T - E^T~~~ (c)~ (D - E)^T\\
    (d)~ B^T + 5C^T~~~ (e) ~\frac{1}{2}C^T - \frac{1}{4}A~~~ (f)~ B B^T\\
    (g) ~3E^T - 3D^T~~~ (h)~ (2E^T - 3D^T )^T~~~ (i)~ CC^T\\
    (j)~ (DA)^T~~~ (k)~ (C^TB)A^T~~~ (l)~ (2D^T - E)A\\
    (m)~ (BA^T - 2C)^T~~~ (n)~ B^T (CC^T - A^TA)~~~ (o)~D^TE^T - (ED)^T\\
    (p)~ trace(DD^T)~~~ (q)~trace(4E^T - D)~~~ (r)~trace(C^TA^T + 2E^T ) \)

    Proof-Writing Exercises

    1. Let \(n \in \mathbb{Z}_+\) be a positive integer and \(a_{i,j} \in \mathbb{F}\) be scalars for \(i, j = 1, \ldots , n.\) Prove that
    the following two statements are equivalent:
    (a) The trivial solution \(x_1 = \cdots = x_n = 0\) is the only solution to the homogeneous system of equations
    \[ \left. \begin{array}{ccc} \sum_{k=1}^{n} a_{1,k}x_k & = & 0 \\ & \vdots & \\ \sum_{k=1}^{n} a_{n,k}x_k & = & 0 \end{array} \right\}. \]

    (b) For every choice of scalars \(c_1 , \ldots , c_n \in \mathbb{F},\) there is a solution to the system of equations \[ \left. \begin{array}{ccc} \sum_{k=1}^{n} a_{1,k}x_k & = & c_1 \\ & \vdots & \\ \sum_{k=1}^{n} a_{n,k}x_k & = & c_n \end{array} \right\}. \]
    2. Let \(A\) and \(B\) be any matrices.
    (a) Prove that if both \(AB\) and \(BA\) are defined, then \(AB\) and \(BA\) are both square matrices.
    (b) Prove that if \(A\) has size \(m \times n\) and \(ABA\) is defined, then \(B\) has size \(n \times m.\)
    3. Suppose that \(A\) is a matrix satisfying \(A^T A = A.\) Prove that \(A\) is then a symmetric matrix and that \(A = A^2 .\)
    4. Suppose \(A\) is an upper triangular matrix and that \(p(z)\) is any polynomial. Prove or give a counterexample: \(p(A)\) is a upper triangular matrix.


    This page titled 12.E: Exercises is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Isaiah Lankham, Bruno Nachtergaele, & Anne Schilling.

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