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7.6: Systems of Measurement (Part 1)

  • Page ID
    5037
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    Learning Objectives
    • Make unit conversions in the U.S. system
    • Use mixed units of measurement in the U.S. system
    • Make unit conversions in the metric system
    • Use mixed units of measurement in the metric system
    • Convert between the U.S. and the metric systems of measurement
    • Convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures
    be prepared!

    Before you get started, take this readiness quiz.

    1. Multiply: 4.29(1000). If you missed this problem, review Example 5.3.8.
    2. Simplify: \(\dfrac{30}{54}\). If you missed this problem, review Example 4.3.2.
    3. Multiply: \(\dfrac{7}{15} \cdot \dfrac{25}{28}\). If you missed this problem, review Example 4.3.9.

    In this section we will see how to convert among different types of units, such as feet to miles or kilograms to pounds. The basic idea in all of the unit conversions will be to use a form of 1, the multiplicative identity, to change the units but not the value of a quantity.

    Make Unit Conversions in the U.S. System

    There are two systems of measurement commonly used around the world. Most countries use the metric system. The United States uses a different system of measurement, usually called the U.S. system. We will look at the U.S. system first.

    The U.S. system of measurement uses units of inch, foot, yard, and mile to measure length and pound and ton to measure weight. For capacity, the units used are cup, pint, quart and gallons. Both the U.S. system and the metric system measure time in seconds, minutes, or hours.

    The equivalencies among the basic units of the U.S. system of measurement are listed in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\). The table also shows, in parentheses, the common abbreviations for each measurement.

    Table \(\PageIndex{1}\)
    U.S. System Units
    Length Volume

    1 foot (ft) = 12 inches (in)

    1 yard (yd) = 3 feet (ft)

    1 mile (mi) = 5280 feet (ft)

    3 teaspoons (t) = 1 tablespoon (T)

    16 Tablespoons (T) = 1 cup (C)

    1 cup (C) = 8 fluid ounces (fl oz)

    1 pint (pt) = 2 cups (C)

    1 quart (qt) = 2 pints (pt)

    1 gallon (gal) = 4 quarts (qt)

    Weight Time

    1 pound (lb) = 16 ounces (oz)

    1 ton = 2000 pounds (lb)

    1 minute (min) = 60 seconds (s)

    1 hour (h) = 60 minutes (min)

    1 day = 24 hours (h)

    1 week (wk) = 7 days

    1 year (yr) = 365 days

    In many real-life applications, we need to convert between units of measurement. We will use the identity property of multiplication to do these conversions. We’ll restate the Identity Property of Multiplication here for easy reference.

    For any real number a,

    \[a \cdot 1 = a \qquad 1 \cdot a = a\]

    To use the identity property of multiplication, we write 1 in a form that will help us convert the units. For example, suppose we want to convert inches to feet. We know that 1 foot is equal to 12 inches, so we can write 1 as the fraction \(\dfrac{1\; ft}{12\; in}\). When we multiply by this fraction, we do not change the value but just change the units. But \(\dfrac{12\; in}{1\; ft}\) also equals 1. How do we decide whether to multiply by \(\dfrac{1\; ft}{12\; in}\) or \(\dfrac{12\; in}{1\; ft}\)? We choose the fraction that will make the units we want to convert from divide out. For example, suppose we wanted to convert 60 inches to feet. If we choose the fraction that has inches in the denominator, we can eliminate the inches.

    \[60\; \cancel{in} \cdot \dfrac{1\; ft}{12\; \cancel{in}} = 5\; ft\]

    On the other hand, if we wanted to convert 5 feet to inches, we would choose the fraction that has feet in the denominator.

    \[5\; \cancel{ft} \cdot \dfrac{12\; in}{1\; \cancel{ft}} = 60\; in\]

    We treat the unit words like factors and ‘divide out’ common units like we do common factors.

    HOW TO: MAKE UNIT CONVERSIONS

    Step 1. Multiply the measurement to be converted by 1; write 1 as a fraction relating the units given and the units needed.

    Step 2. Multiply.

    Step 3. Simplify the fraction, performing the indicated operations and removing the common units.

    Example \(\PageIndex{1}\):

    Mary Anne is 66 inches tall. What is her height in feet?

    Solution

    Convert 66 inches into feet.  
    Multiply the measurement to be converted by 1. 66 inches • 1
    Write 1 as a fraction relating the units given and the units needed. $$66\; inches \cdot \dfrac{1\; foot}{12\; inches}$$
    Multiply. $$\dfrac{66\; inches\; \cdot 1\; foot}{12\; inches}$$
    Simplify the fraction. $$\dfrac{66\; \cancel{inches}\; \cdot 1\; foot}{12\; \cancel{inches}} = \dfrac{66\; feet}{12}$$
      5.5 feet

    Notice that the when we simplified the fraction, we first divided out the inches. Mary Anne is 5.5 feet tall.

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\):

    Lexie is 30 inches tall. Convert her height to feet.

    Answer

    2.5 feet

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\):

    Rene bought a hose that is 18 yards long. Convert the length to feet.

    Answer

    54 feet

    When we use the Identity Property of Multiplication to convert units, we need to make sure the units we want to change from will divide out. Usually this means we want the conversion fraction to have those units in the denominator.

    Example \(\PageIndex{2}\):

    Ndula, an elephant at the San Diego Safari Park, weighs almost 3.2 tons. Convert her weight to pounds.

    A photograph of an adult elephant.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) (credit: Guldo Da Rozze, Flickr)

    Solution

    We will convert 3.2 tons into pounds, using the equivalencies in Table \(\PageIndex{1}\). We will use the Identity Property of Multiplication, writing 1 as the fraction \(\dfrac{2000\; pounds}{1\; ton}\)

    Multiply the measurement to be converted by 1. 3.2 tons • 1
    Write 1 as a fraction relating tons and pounds. $$3.2\; tons\; \cdot \dfrac{2000\; lbs}{1\; tons}$$
    Simplify. $$\dfrac{3.2\; \cancel{tons}\; \cdot 2000\; lbs}{1\; \cancel{tons}}$$
    Multiply. 6400 lbs

    .Ndula weighs almost 6,400 pounds.

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{3}\):

    Arnold’s SUV weighs about 4.3 tons. Convert the weight to pounds.

    Answer

    8600 pounds

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{4}\):

    A cruise ship weighs 51,000 tons. Convert the weight to pounds.

    Answer

    102,000,000 pounds

    Sometimes to convert from one unit to another, we may need to use several other units in between, so we will need to multiply several fractions.

    Example \(\PageIndex{3}\):

    Juliet is going with her family to their summer home. She will be away for 9 weeks. Convert the time to minutes.

    Solution

    To convert weeks into minutes, we will convert weeks to days, days to hours, and then hours to minutes. To do this, we will multiply by conversion factors of 1.

    Write 1 as \(\dfrac{7\; days}{1\; week}, \dfrac{24\; hours}{1\; day}, \dfrac{60\; minutes}{1\; hour}\). $$\dfrac{9\; wk}{1} \cdot \dfrac{7\; days}{1\; wk} \cdot \dfrac{24\; hr}{1\; day} \cdot \dfrac{60\; min}{1\; hr}$$
    Cancel common units. $$\dfrac{9\; \cancel{wk}}{1} \cdot \dfrac{7\; \cancel{\textcolor{blue}{days}}}{1\; \cancel{wk}} \cdot \dfrac{24\; \cancel{\textcolor{red}{hr}}}{1\; \cancel{\textcolor{blue}{day}}} \cdot \dfrac{60\; min}{1\; \cancel{\textcolor{red}{hr}}}$$
    Multiply. $$\dfrac{9 \cdot 7 \cdot 24 \cdot \cdot 60\; min}{1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1} = 90,720\; min$$

    Juliet will be away for 90,720 minutes.

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{5}\)

    The distance between Earth and the moon is about 250,000 miles. Convert this length to yards.

    Answer

    440,000,000 yards

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{6}\):

    A team of astronauts spends 15 weeks in space. Convert the time to minutes.

    Answer

    151,200 minutes

    Example \(\PageIndex{4}\):

    How many fluid ounces are in 1 gallon of milk?

    A photograph of a milk display in a grocery store.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) (credit: www.bluewaikiki.com, Flickr)

    Solution

    Use conversion factors to get the right units: convert gallons to quarts, quarts to pints, pints to cups, and cups to fluid ounces.

    Multiply the measurement to be converted by 1. $$\dfrac{1\; gal}{1} \cdot \dfrac{4\; qt}{1\; gal} \cdot \dfrac{2\; pt}{1\; qt} \cdot \dfrac{2\; C}{1\; pt} \cdot \dfrac{8\; fl\; oz}{1\; C}$$
    Simplify. $$\dfrac{1\; \cancel{gal}}{1} \cdot \dfrac{4\; \cancel{qt}}{1\; \cancel{gal}} \cdot \dfrac{2\; \cancel{pt}}{1\; \cancel{qt}} \cdot \dfrac{2\; \cancel{C}}{1\; \cancel{pt}} \cdot \dfrac{8\; fl\; oz}{1\; \cancel{C}}$$
    Multiply. $$\dfrac{1 \cdot 4 \cdot 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 8\; fl\; oz}{1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1 \cdot 1}$$
    Simplify. 128 fluid ounces

    There are 128 fluid ounces in a gallon.

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{7}\):

    How many cups are in 1 gallon?

    Answer

    16 cups

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{8}\):

    How many teaspoons are in 1 cup?

    Answer

    48 teaspoons

    Use Mixed Units of Measurement in the U.S. System

    Performing arithmetic operations on measurements with mixed units of measures requires care. Be sure to add or subtract like units.

    Example \(\PageIndex{5}\):

    Charlie bought three steaks for a barbecue. Their weights were 14 ounces, 1 pound 2 ounces, and 1 pound 6 ounces. How many total pounds of steak did he buy?

    A photograph of meat being cooked on a charcoal grill.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\) (credit: Helen Penjam, Flickr)

    Solution

    We will add the weights of the steaks to find the total weight of the steaks.

    Add the ounces. Then add the pounds. $$\begin{split} 14\; &ounces \\ 1\; pound \quad 2\; &ounces \\ +\; 1\; pound \quad 6\; &ounces \\ \hline 2\; pounds \quad 22\; &ounces \end{split}$$
    Convert 22 ounces to pounds and ounces. $$22\; ounces = 1\; pound,\; 6\; ounces$$
    Add the pounds. 2 pounds + 1 pound, 6 ounces = 3 pounds, 6 ounces

    Charlie bought 3 pounds 6 ounces of steak.

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{9}\):

    Laura gave birth to triplets weighing 3 pounds 12 ounces, 3 pounds 3 ounces, and 2 pounds 9 ounces. What was the total birth weight of the three babies?

    Answer

    9 lbs. 8 oz

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{10}\):

    Seymour cut two pieces of crown molding for his family room that were 8 feet 7 inches and 12 feet 11 inches. What was the total length of the molding?

    Answer

    21 ft. 6 in.

    Example \(\PageIndex{6}\):

    Anthony bought four planks of wood that were each 6 feet 4 inches long. If the four planks are placed end-to-end, what is the total length of the wood?

    The image shows 4 planks of wood placed end-to-end horizontally. Each plank is labeled 6 feet 4 inches. A line starts at the left of the first plank and runs horizontally to the right of the fourth plank. The line is labeled with the letter l to represent length.

    Solution

    We will multiply the length of one plank by 4 to find the total length.

    Multiply the inches and then the feet. $$\begin{split} 6\; feet \quad 4\; inches& \\ \times \qquad 4& \\ \hline 24\; feet \quad 16\; inches& \end{split}$$
    Convert 16 inches to feet. 24 feet + 1 foot 4 inches
    Add the feet. 25 feet 4 inches

    Anthony bought 25 feet 4 inches of wood.

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{11}\):

    Henri wants to triple his spaghetti sauce recipe, which calls for 1 pound 8 ounces of ground turkey. How many pounds of ground turkey will he need?

    Answer

    4 lbs. 8 oz.

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{12}\):

    Joellen wants to double a solution of 5 gallons 3 quarts. How many gallons of solution will she have in all?

    Answer

    11 gal. 2 qts.

    Make Unit Conversions in the Metric System

    In the metric system, units are related by powers of 10. The root words of their names reflect this relation. For example, the basic unit for measuring length is a meter. One kilometer is 1000 meters; the prefix kilo- means thousand. One centimeter is \(\dfrac{1}{100}\) of a meter, because the prefix centi- means one one-hundredth (just like one cent is \(\dfrac{1}{100}\) of one dollar).

    The equivalencies of measurements in the metric system are shown in Table \(\PageIndex{2}\). The common abbreviations for each measurement are given in parentheses.

    Table \(\PageIndex{2}\)
    Metric Measurements
    Length Mass Volume/Capacity

    1 kilometer (km) = 1000 m

    1 hectometer (hm) = 100 m

    1 dekameter (dam) = 10 m

    1 meter (m) = 1 m

    1 decimeter (dm) = 0.1 m

    1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 m

    1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001 m

    1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 g

    1 hectogram (hg) = 100 g

    1 dekagram (dag) = 10 g

    1 gram (g) = 1 g

    1 decigram (dg) = 0.1 g

    1 centigram (cg) = 0.01 g

    1 milligram (mg) = 0.001 g

    1 kiloliter (kL) = 1000 L

    1 hectoliter (hL) = 100 L

    1 dekaliter (daL) = 10 L

    1 liter (L) = 1 L

    1 deciliter (dL) = 0.1 L

    1 centiliter (cL) = 0.01 L

    1 milliliter (mL) = 0.001 L

    1 meter = 100 centimeters

    1 meter = 1000 millimeters

    1 gram = 100 centigrams

    1 gram = 1000 milligrams

    1 liter = 100 centiliters

    1 liter = 1000 milliliters

    To make conversions in the metric system, we will use the same technique we did in the U.S. system. Using the identity property of multiplication, we will multiply by a conversion factor of one to get to the correct units.

    Have you ever run a 5 k or 10 k race? The lengths of those races are measured in kilometers. The metric system is commonly used in the United States when talking about the length of a race.

    Example \(\PageIndex{7}\):

    Nick ran a 10-kilometer race. How many meters did he run?

    A photograph of 8 male runners in a track race.

    Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\) (credit: William Warby, Flickr)

    Solution

    We will convert kilometers to meters using the Identity Property of Multiplication and the equivalencies in Table 7.63.

    Multiply the measurement to be converted by 1. $$10\; \textcolor{red}{km}\; \cdot 1$$
    Write 1 as a fraction relating kilometers and meters. $$10\; \textcolor{red}{km}\; \cdot \dfrac{1000\; m}{1\; \textcolor{red}{km}}$$
    Simplify. $$\dfrac{10\; \cancel{\textcolor{red}{km}}\; \cdot 1000\; m}{1\; \cancel{\textcolor{red}{km}}}$$
    Multiply. $$10,000\; m$$

    Nick ran 10,000 meters.

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{13}\):

    Sandy completed her first 5-km race. How many meters did she run?

    Answer

    5000 m

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{14}\):

    Herman bought a rug 2.5 meters in length. How many centimeters is the length?

    Answer

    250 cm

    Example \(\PageIndex{8}\):

    Eleanor’s newborn baby weighed 3200 grams. How many kilograms did the baby weigh?

    Solution

    We will convert grams to kilograms.

    Multiply the measurement to be converted by 1. $$3200\; \textcolor{red}{g}\; \cdot 1$$
    Write 1 as a fraction relating kilograms and grams. $$3200\; \textcolor{red}{g}\; \cdot \dfrac{1\; kg}{1000\; \textcolor{red}{g}}$$
    Simplify. $$3200\; \cancel{\textcolor{red}{g}}\; \cdot \dfrac{1\; kg}{1000\; \cancel{\textcolor{red}{g}}}$$
    Multiply. $$\dfrac{3200\; kilograms}{1000}$$
    Divide. $$3.2\; kilograms$$

    The baby weighed 3.2 kilograms.

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{15}\)

    Kari’s newborn baby weighed 2800 grams. How many kilograms did the baby weigh?

    Answer

    2.8 kilograms

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{16}\)

    Anderson received a package that was marked 45004500 grams. How many kilograms did this package weigh?

    Answer

    4.5 kilograms

    Since the metric system is based on multiples of ten, conversions involve multiplying by multiples of ten. In Decimal Operations, we learned how to simplify these calculations by just moving the decimal. To multiply by 10, 100, or 1000, we move the decimal to the right 1, 2, or 3 places, respectively. To multiply by 0.1, 0.01, or 0.001 we move the decimal to the left 1, 2, or 3 places respectively. We can apply this pattern when we make measurement conversions in the metric system.

    In Example 7.51, we changed 3200 grams to kilograms by multiplying by 1 1000 (or 0.001). This is the same as moving the decimal 3 places to the left.

    Multiplying 3200 by 1 over 1000 gives 3.2. Notice that the answer, 3.2, is similar to the original value, 3200, just with the decimal moved three places to the left.

    Example \(\PageIndex{9}\):

    Convert: (a) 350 liters to kiloliters (b) 4.1 liters to milliliters.

    Solution

    (a) We will convert liters to kiloliters. In Table 7.63, we see that 1 kiloliter = 1000 liters.

    Multiply by 1, writing 1 as a fraction relating liters to kiloliters. $$350\; L\; \cdot \dfrac{1\; kL}{1000\; L}$$
    Simplify. $$350\; \cancel{L}\; \cdot \dfrac{1\; kL}{1000\; \cancel{L}}$$
    Move the decimal 3 units to the left. CNX_BMath_Figure_07_05_026_img-03.png

    0.35 kL

    (b) We will convert liters to milliliters. In Table 7.63, we see that 1 liter = 1000 milliliters.

    Multiply by 1, writing 1 as a fraction relating milliliters to liters. $$4.1\; L\; \cdot \dfrac{1000\; mL}{1\; L}$$
    Simplify. $$4.1\; \cancel{L}\; \cdot \dfrac{1000\; mL}{1\; \cancel{L}}$$
    Move the decimal 3 units to the left. CNX_BMath_Figure_07_05_027_img-03.png

    4100 mL

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{17}\):

    Convert: (a) 7.25 L to kL (b) 6.3 L to mL.

    Answer a

    0.00725 kL

    Answer b

    6300 mL

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{18}\):

    Convert: (a) 350 hL to L (b) 4.1 L to cL.

    Answer a

    35,000 L

    Answer b

    410 cL

    Contributors and Attributions


    This page titled 7.6: Systems of Measurement (Part 1) is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by OpenStax.

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