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2.1.1: Linear First Order Equations (Exercises)

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    30692
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    Q2.1.1

    In Exercises 2.1.1-2.1.5 find the general solution.

    1. \(y'+ay=0\) ( \(a\)=constant)

    2. \(y'+3x^2y=0\)

    3. \(xy'+(\ln x)y=0\)

    4. \(xy'+3y=0\)

    5. \(x^2y'+y=0\)

    Q2.1.2

    In Exercises 2.1.6-2.1.11 solve the initial value problem.

    6. \( {y'+\left({1+x\over x}\right)y=0,\quad y(1)=1}\)

    7. \( {xy'+\left(1+{1\over\ln x}\right)y=0,\quad y(e)=1}\)

    8. \( {xy'+(1+ x\cot x)y=0,\quad y\left({\pi\over 2} \right)=2}\)

    9. \( {y'-\left({2x\over 1+x^2}\right)y=0,\quad y(0)=2}\)

    10. \( y'+\frac{k}{x}y=0,\quad y(1)=3\quad(k=\text{constant})\)

    11. \( y'+(\tan kx)y=0,\quad y(0)=2\quad (k=\text{constant})\)

    Q2.1.3

    In Exercises 2.1.12-2.1.15 find the general solution. Also, plot a direction field and some integral curves on the rectangular region \(\{−2 ≤ x ≤ 2, −2 ≤ y ≤ 2\}\).

    12. \(y'+3y=1\)

    13. \( {y'+\left({1\over x}- 1\right)y=-{2\over x}}\)

    14. \(y'+2xy=xe^{-x^2}\)

    15. \( {y'+{2x\over1+x^2}y={e^{-x}\over1+x^2}}\)

    Q2.1.4

    In Exercises 2.1.16-2.1.24 find the general solution.

    16. \( {y'+{1\over x}y={7\over x^2}+3}\)

    17. \( {y'+{4\over x-1}y = {1\over (x-1)^5}+{\sin x\over (x-1)^4}}\)

    18. \(xy'+(1+2x^2)y=x^3e^{-x^2}\)

    19. \( {xy'+2y={2\over x^2}+1}\)

    20. \(y'+(\tan x)y=\cos x\)

    21. \( {(1+x)y'+2y={\sin x \over 1 + x}}\)

    22. \((x-2)(x-1)y'-(4x-3)y=(x-2)^3\)

    23. \(y'+(2\sin x\cos x) y=e^{-\sin^2x}\)

    24. \(x^2y'+3xy=e^x\)

    Q2.1.5

    In Exercises 2.1.25-2.1.29 solve the initial value problem and sketch the graph of the solution.

    25. \(y'+7y=e^{3x},\quad y(0)=0\)

    26. \( {(1+x^2)y'+4xy={2\over 1+x^2},\quad y(0)=1}\)

    27. \( {xy'+3y={2\over x(1+x^2)},\quad y(-1)=0}\)

    28. \( {y'+ (\cot x)y=\cos x,\quad y\left({\pi\over 2}\right)=1}\)

    29. \( {y'+{1\over x}y={2\over x^2}+1,\quad y(-1)=0}\)

    Q2.1.6

    In Exercises 2.1.30-2.1.37, solve the initial value problem.

    30. \( {(x-1)y'+3y={1\over (x-1)^3} + {\sin x\over (x-1)^2},\quad y(0)=1}\)

    31. \(xy'+2y=8x^2,\quad y(1)=3\)

    32. \(xy'-2y=-x^2,\quad y(1)=1\)

    33. \(y'+2xy=x,\quad y(0)=3\)

    34. \( {(x-1)y'+3y={1+(x-1)\sec^2x\over (x-1)^3},\quad y(0)=-1}\)

    35. \( {(x+2)y'+4y={1+2x^2\over x(x+2)^3},\quad y(-1)=2}\)

    36. \((x^2-1)y'-2xy=x(x^2-1),\quad y(0)=4\)

    37. \((x^2-5)y'-2xy=-2x(x^2-5),\quad y(2)=7\)

    Q2.1.7

    In Excercises 2.1.28-2.1.42 solve the initial value problem and leave the answer in a form involving a definite integral. (You can solve these problems numerically by methods discussed in Chapter 3.)

    38. \(y'+2xy=x^2,\quad y(0)=3\)

    39. \( {y'+{1\over x}y={\sin x\over x^2},\quad y(1)=2}\)

    40. \( {y'+y={e^{-x}\tan x\over x},\quad y(1)=0}\)

    41. \( {y'+{2x\over 1+x^2}y={e^x\over (1+x^2)^2}, \quad y(0)=1}\)

    42. \(xy'+(x+1)y=e^{x^2},\quad y(1)=2\)

    43. Experiments indicate that glucose is absorbed by the body at a rate proportional to the amount of glucose present in the bloodstream. Let \(\lambda\) denote the (positive) constant of proportionality. Now suppose glucose is injected into a patient’s bloodstream at a constant rate of \(r\) units per unit of time. Let \(G=G(t)\) be the number of units in the patient’s bloodstream at time \(t>0\). Then \[G'=-\lambda G+r,\] where the first term on the right is due to the absorption of the glucose by the patient’s body and the second term is due to the injection. Determine \(G\) for \(t>0\), given that \(G(0)=G_0\). Also, find \(\lim_{t\to\infty}G(t)\).

    44.

    (a) Plot a direction field and some integral curves for \[xy'-2y=-1 \tag{A} \] on the rectangular region \(\{-1\le x\le 1, -.5\le y\le 1.5\}\). What do all the integral curves have in common?

    (b) Show that the general solution of (A) on \((-\infty,0)\) and \((0,\infty)\) is

    \[y={1\over2}+cx^2.\]

    (c) Show that \(y\) is a solution of (A) on \((-\infty,\infty)\) if and only if \[y=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} {{1\over2}+c_1x^2}, &x \ge 0,\\[4pt] {{1\over2}+c_2x^2}, &x < 0,\end{array}\right.\] where \(c_1\) and \(c_2\) are arbitrary constants.

    (d) Conclude from c that all solutions of (A) on \((-\infty,\infty)\) are solutions of the initial value problem \[xy'-2y=-1,\quad y(0)={1\over2}.\]

    (e) Use (b) to show that if \(x_0\ne0\) and \(y_0\) is arbitrary, then the initial value problem \[xy'-2y=-1,\quad y(x_0)=y_0\] has infinitely many solutions on ( \(-\infty,\infty\)). Explain why this doesn't contradict Theorem 2.1.1.

    45. Suppose \(f\) is continuous on an open interval \((a,b)\) and \(\alpha\) is a constant.

    (a) Derive a formula for the solution of the initial value problem

    \[y'+\alpha y=f(x),\quad y(x_0)=y_0, \tag{A} \]

    where \(x_0\) is in \((a,b)\) and \(y_0\) is an arbitrary real number.

    (b) Suppose \((a,b)=(a,\infty)\), \(\alpha > 0\) and \(\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to\infty} f(x)=L}\). Show that if \(y\) is the solution of (A), then \(\displaystyle{\lim_{x\to \infty} y(x)=L/\alpha}\).

    46. Assume that all functions in this exercise are defined on a common interval \((a,b)\).

    (a) Prove: If \(y_1\) and \(y_2\) are solutions of

    \[y'+p(x)y=f_1(x)\]

    and

    \[y'+p(x)y=f_2(x)\]

    respectively, and \(c_1\) and \(c_2\) are constants, then \(y=c_1y_1+c_2y_2\) is a solution of

    \[y'+p(x)y=c_1f_1(x)+c_2f_2(x).\]

    (This is the principle of superposition.)

    (b) Use (a) to show that if \(y_1\) and \(y_2\) are solutions of the nonhomogeneous equation

    \[y'+p(x)y=f(x), \quad{\rm (A)}\]

    then \(y_1-y_2\) is a solution of the homogeneous equation

    \[y'+p(x)y=0. \quad{\rm (B)}\]

    (c) Use (a) to show that if \(y_1\) is a solution of (A) and \(y_2\) is a solution of (B), then \(y_1+y_2\) is a solution of (A).

    47. Some nonlinear equations can be transformed into linear equations by changing the dependent variable. Show that if

    \[g'(y)y'+p(x)g(y)=f(x)\]

    where \(y\) is a function of \(x\) and \(g\) is a function of \(y\), then the new dependent variable \(z=g(y)\) satisfies the linear equation

    \[z'+p(x)z=f(x).\]

    48. Solve by the method discussed in Exercise 47.

    (a) \((\sec^2y)y'- 3\tan y=-1\)

    (b) \( {e^{y^2}\left(2yy'+ {2\over x}\right) ={1\over x^2}}\)

    (c) \( {{xy'\over y} + 2\ln y=4x^2}\)

    (d) \( {{y'\over (1+y)^2} - {1\over x(1+y)}=-{3\over x^2}}\)

    49. We’ve shown that if \(p\) and \(f\) are continuous on \((a,b)\) then every solution of

    \[y'+p(x)y=f(x) \tag{A}\]

    on \((a,b)\) can be written as \(y=uy_1\), where \(y_1\) is a nontrivial solution of the complementary equation for (A) and \(u'=f/y_1\). Now suppose \(f\), \(f'\), …, \(f^{(m)}\) and \(p\), \(p'\), …, \(p^{(m-1)}\) are continuous on \((a,b)\), where \(m\) is a positive integer, and define

    \[\begin{aligned} f_0&=f,\\ f_j&=f_{j-1}'+pf_{j-1},\quad 1\le j\le m.\end{aligned}\]

    Show that

    \[u^{(j+1)}={f_j\over y_1},\quad 0\le j\le m.\]

     


    This page titled 2.1.1: Linear First Order Equations (Exercises) is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by William F. Trench.

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