
# 4.7E: Exercises


In Exercises $$(4.7E.1)$$ to $$(4.7E.10)$$, find a particular solution.

## Exercise $$\PageIndex{1}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}' = \left[ \begin{array} \\ {-1} & {-4} \\ {-1} & {-1} \end{array} \right] {\bf y} + \left[ \begin{array}{cc}21e^{4t}\\8e^{-3t}\end{array} \right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{2}$$

$$\displaystyle {{\bf y}' = {1\over5} \left[ \begin{array} \\ {-4} & 3 \\ {-2} & {-11} \end{array} \right] {\bf y} + \left[ \begin{array}{cc}50e^{3t}\\10e^{-3t}\end{array} \right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{3}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}' = \left[ \begin{array} \\ 1 & 2 \\ 2 & 1 \end{array} \right] {\bf y} + \left[ \begin{array}{cc}1\\t\end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{4}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}' = \left[ \begin{array} \\ {-4} & {-3} \\ 6 & 5 \end{array} \right] {\bf y} + \left[ \begin{array}{cc}2\\-2e^t\end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{5}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}' = \left[ \begin{array} \\ {-6} & {-3} \\ 1 & {-2} \end{array} \right] {\bf y} + \left[ \begin{array}{cc}4e^{-3t}\\4e^{-5t}\end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{6}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}' = \left[ \begin{array} \\ 0 & 1 \\ {-1} & 0 \end{array} \right] {\bf y} + \left[\begin{array}{cc}1\\t\end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{7}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}' = \left[ \begin{array} \\ 3 & 1 & {-1} \\ 3 & 5 & 1 \\ {-6} & 2 & 4 \end{array} \right] {\bf y} + \left[ \begin{array}{cc}3\\6\\3\end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{8}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}' = \left[ \begin{array} \\ 3 & {-1} & {-1} \\ {-2} & 3 & 2 \\ 4 & {-1} & {-2} \end{array} \right] {\bf y} + \left[ \begin{array}{cc}1\\e^t\\e^t\end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{9}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}' = \left[ \begin{array} \\ {-3} & 2 & 2 \\ 2 & {-3} & 2 \\ 2 & 2 & {-3} \end{array} \right] {\bf y} + \left[ \begin{array}{cc}e^t\\e^{-5t}\\e^t\end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{10}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}' = {1\over3} \left[ \begin{array} \\ 1 & 1 & {-3} \\ {-4} & {-4} & 3 \\ {-2} & 1 & 0 \end{array} \right]{\bf y} + \left[ \begin{array}{cc}e^t\\e^t\\e^t\end{array}\right]}$$

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In Exercises $$(4.7E.11)$$ to $$(4.7E.20)$$, find a particular solution, given that $$Y$$ is a fundamental matrix for the complementary system.

## Exercise $$\PageIndex{11}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}' = {1\over t} \left[ \begin{array}{rc}1&t\\-t&1\end{array}\right]{\bf y} + t\left[ \begin{array}{cc} \cos t\\\sin t\end{array}\right]; \quad Y=t\left[\begin{array}{rc}\cos t&\sin t\\-\sin t&\cos t \end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{12}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}' = {1\over t} \left[ \begin{array}{cc}1&t\\t&1\end{array} \right] {\bf y} + \left[ \begin{array}{c} t\\t^2\end{array}\right]; \quad Y=t\left[\begin{array}{cr} e^t&e^{-t}\\e^t&-e^{-t} \end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{13}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}'={1\over t^2-1}\left[\begin{array}{rr}t&-1\\-1&t\end{array}\right]{\bf y}+ t\left[\begin{array}{r} 1\\-1\end{array}\right]; \quad Y=\left[\begin{array}{cc} t&1\\1&t \end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{14}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}'={1\over 3}\left[\begin{array}{cc}1&-2e^{-t}\\2e^t&-1\end{array}\right]{\bf y}+ \left[\begin{array}{c}e^{2t} \\e^{-2t}\end{array}\right]; \quad Y=\left[\begin{array}{cc} 2&e^{-t}\\e^t&2 \end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{15}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}'={1\over 2t^4}\left[\begin{array}{cc}3t^3&t^6\\1&-3t^3\end{array}\right]{\bf y}+ {1\over t}\left[\begin{array}{c} t^2\\1\end{array}\right]; \quad Y={1\over t^2}\left[\begin{array}{rc} t^3&t^4\\-1&t \end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{16}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}'= \left[\begin{array}{cc}\displaystyle{1\over t-1} &-\displaystyle{e^{-t}\over t-1}\\ \displaystyle{e^t\over t+1}&\displaystyle{1\over t+1}\end{array}\right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c} t^2-1\\t^2-1\end{array}\right]; \quad Y=\left[\begin{array}{cc} t&e^{-t}\\e^t&t \end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{17}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}' = {1\over t} \left[ \begin{array} \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 2 & 1 \\ {-2} & 2 & 2 \end{array} \right] {\bf y} + \left[ \begin{array} \\ 1 \\ 2 \\ 1 \end{array} \right] \quad Y = \left[ \begin{array}{ccr} t^2&t^3&1\\t^2&2t^3&-1\\0&2t^3&2 \end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{18}$$

$$\displaystyle {{\bf y}' = \left[ \begin{array}{ccc}3&e^t&e^{2t}\\e^{-t}&2&e^t\\e^{-2t}&e^{-t}&1\end{array}\right]{\bf y} + \left[ \begin{array}{c} e^{3t}\\0 \\ 0\end{array}\right]; \quad Y = \left[ \begin{array}{crr} e^{5t}&e^{2t}&0\\e^{4t}&0&e^t\\e^{3t}&-1&-1 \end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{19}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}'={1\over t}\left[\begin{array}{crc}1&t&0\\0&1&t\\0&-t&1\end{array}\right]{\bf y} +\left[\begin{array}{c} t\\t \\t \end{array}\right]; \quad Y=t\left[\begin{array}{crr} 1&\cos t&\sin t \\0&-\sin t&\cos t\\0&-\cos t&-\sin t \end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{20}$$

$$\displaystyle{{\bf y}'=-{1\over t}\left[\begin{array}{crr}e^{-t}&-t&1-e^{-t}\\e^{-t}&1&-t-e^{-t}\\e^{-t}&-t &1-e^{-t}\end{array}\right]{\bf y} +{1\over t}\left[\begin{array}{c} e^t\\0 \\e^t \end{array}\right]; \quad Y={1\over t}\left[\begin{array}{crc} e^t&e^{-t}&t\\e^t&-e^{-t}&e^{-t}\\e^t&e^{-t}&0 \end{array}\right]}$$

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{21}$$

Prove Theorem $$(4.7.1)$$.

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{22}$$

(a) Convert the scalar equation

\label{eq:4.7E.1}
P_0(t) y^{(n)} + P_1(t) y^{(n-1)} + \cdots + P_n(t) y = F(t)

into an equivalent $$n\times n$$ system

\label{eq:4.7E.2}
{\bf y}' = A(t) {\bf y} + {\bf f} (t).

(b) Suppose \eqref{eq:4.7E.1} is normal on an interval $$(a,b)$$ and $$\{y_1,y_2,\dots,y_n\}$$ is a fundamental set of solutions of

\label{eq:4.7E.3}
P_0(t) y^{(n)} + P_1(t) y^{(n-1)} + \cdots + P_n(t) y = 0

on $$(a,b)$$. Find a corresponding fundamental matrix $$Y$$ for

\label{eq:4.7E.4}
{\bf y}' = A(t) {\bf y}

on $$(a,b)$$ such that

\begin{eqnarray*}
y = c_1 y_1 + c_2 y_2 + \cdots + c_n y_n
\end{eqnarray*}

is a solution of \eqref{eq:4.7E.3} if and only if $${\bf y}=Y{\bf c}$$ with

\begin{eqnarray*}
{\bf c} = \left[ \begin{array} \\ c_1 \\ c_2 \\ \vdots \\ c_n \end{array} \right]
\end{eqnarray*}

is a solution of \eqref{eq:4.7E.4}.

(c) Let $$y_p=u_1y_1+u_1y_2+\cdots+u_ny_n$$ be a particular solution of \eqref{eq:4.7E.1}, obtained by the method of variation of parameters for scalar equations as given in Section $$(3.4)$$, and define

\begin{eqnarray*}
{\bf u} = \left[ \begin{array} \\ u_1 \\ u_2 \\ \vdots \\ u_n \end{array} \right].
\end{eqnarray*}

Show that $${\bf y}_p=Y{\bf u}$$ is a solution of \eqref{eq:4.7E.2}.

(d) Let $${\bf y}_p=Y{\bf u}$$ be a particular solution of \eqref{eq:4.7E.2}, obtained by the method of variation of parameters for systems as given in this section. Show that $$y_p=u_1y_1+u_1y_2+\cdots+u_ny_n$$ is a solution of \eqref{eq:4.7E.1}.

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## Exercise $$\PageIndex{23}$$

Suppose the $$n\times n$$ matrix function $$A$$ and the $$n$$-vector function $${\bf f}$$ are continuous on $$(a,b)$$. Let $$t_0$$ be in $$(a,b)$$, let $${\bf k}$$ be an arbitrary constant vector, and let $$Y$$ be a fundamental matrix for the homogeneous system $${\bf y}'=A(t){\bf y}$$. Use variation of parameters to show that the solution of the initial value problem

\begin{eqnarray*}
{\bf y}' = A(t) {\bf y} + {\bf f} (t), \quad {\bf y} (t_0) = {\bf k}
\end{eqnarray*}

is

\begin{eqnarray*}
{\bf y} (t) = Y(t) \left( Y^{-1} (t_0) {\bf k} + \int_{t_0}^t Y^{-1}(s) {\bf f}(s) \, ds\right).
\end{eqnarray*}