9.1: Answer Key

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Electromagnetic Radiation

1. a) gamma rays

3. Gamma rays < X-rays < Ultraviolet < Visible Light < Infrared < Microwaves < Radio Waves

The Quantum Mechanical Model

Electron Configurations

7. a) Li: 1s²2s¹

b) N: 1s²2s²2p³

c) Cl: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵

d) Ga: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p¹

9. a) Xe: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶

b) Ag: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d⁹

c) Cs: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s¹

d) Hg: 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰

11.

a) P:

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑

3 unpaired electrons

b) K:

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑_

1 unpaired electron

c) He:

↑↓

No unpaired electrons

d) Al:

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑

1 unpaired electron

13. a) Nb: [Kr] 5s²4d³

b) Se: [Ar] 4s²3d¹⁰4p⁴

c) Ca: [Ar] 4s¹

d) Zn: [Ar] 4s²3d¹⁰

15. Write the noble gas electron configuration for the following elements.

a) In: [Kr] 5s²4d¹⁰5p¹

b) Ba: [Xe] 6s²

c) V: [Ar] 4s²3d³

d) Y: [Kr] 5s²4d¹

Valence Electrons

17. a) Rh:

↑↓

No unpaired electrons

b) Na:

↑_

1 unpaired electron

c) I:

5s 5p

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑_

1 unpaired electron

d) Sn:

5s 5p

↑↓ ↑ ↑ __

2 unpaired electrons

Electron Configurations and the Period Table

19. a) 1A: _s¹

b) 5A: _s²_p³

c) 6A: _s²_p⁴

21. a) 8A: _s²_p⁶

b) 2A: _s²

23. a) Ra: [Rn] 7s²

b) Pd: [Kr] 5s²4d⁸

c) Br: [Ar] 4s²3d¹⁰4p⁵

d) Po: [Xe] 6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁴

25. a) At: [Xe] 6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p⁵

b) Pb: [Xe] 6s²4f¹⁴5d¹⁰6p²

c) Ba: [Xe] 6s²

d) Ce: [Xe] 6s²4f¹

27. a) Re: [Xe] 6s²4f¹⁴5d⁵

b) Al: [Ne] 3s²3p¹

c) Lr: [Rn] 7s²5f¹⁴

d) Os: [Xe] 6s²4f¹⁴5d⁶

29. a) Mg: 2 b) K: 2 c) Na: 1

d) Li: Lithium does not have a 3s orbital shell, therefore there are zero 3s electrons

31. a) Te b) Sr c) Nb d) In

33. a) As b) Ge c) Cu d) K

35. a) No b) C c) Kr d) W

Periodic Trends

37. a) Rb b) Te c) Ge d) Pb

39. a) Y b) K c) Tc d) Cs

41. O < Kr < Be < Sr < K

Cumulative Challenge Problems

43. a) n=1, 2 b) n=2, 8 c) n=3, 18 d) n=4, 32

45. a) Mn²⁺: [Ar] 3d⁵

b) Al³⁺: [He] 2s²2p⁶ or [Ne]

c) I^-: [Kr] 5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶ or [Xe]

d) Li⁺: [He]

47. P^3- ,S^2- ,Cl^- , K⁺ , Ca²⁺