10.11: Measures of Central Tendency

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David Lippman & Jeff Eldridge
Pierce College via The OpenTextBookStore

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Let's begin by trying to find the most "typical" value of a data set.

Note that we just used the word "typical" although in many cases you might think of using the word "average." We need to be careful with the word "average" as it means different things to different people in different contexts. One of the most common uses of the word "average" is what mathematicians and statisticians call the arithmetic mean, or just plain old mean for short. "Arithmetic mean" sounds rather fancy, but you have likely calculated a mean many times without realizing it; the mean is what most people think of when they use the word "average".

Mean

The mean of a set of data is the sum of the data values divided by the number of values.

Example 14

Marci’s exam scores for her last math class were: 79, 86, 82, 94. The mean of these values would be:

Solution

\[\frac{79+86+82+94}{4}=85.25. \nonumber \]

Typically we round means to one more decimal place than the original data had. In this case, we would round 85.25 to 85.3.

Example 15

The number of touchdown (TD) passes thrown by each of the 31 teams in the National Football League in the 2000 season are shown below.

37 33 33 32 29 28 28 23 22 22 22 21 21 21 20

20 19 19 18 18 18 18 16 15 14 14 14 12 12 9 6

Solution

Adding these values, we get 634 total TDs. Dividing by 31, the number of data values, we get $\frac{634}{31} = 20.4516$. It would be appropriate to round this to 20.5.

It would be most correct for us to report that “The mean number of touchdown passes thrown in the NFL in the 2000 season was 20.5 passes,” but it is not uncommon to see the more casual word “average” used in place of “mean.

Try it Now 4

The price of a jar of peanut butter at 5 stores was: $3.29, $3.59, $3.79, $3.75, and $3.99. Find the mean price.

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Example 16

The one hundred families in a particular neighborhood are asked their annual household income, to the nearest $5 thousand dollars. The results are summarized in a frequency table below.

$\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \textbf { Income (thousands of dollars) } & \textbf { Frequency } \\
\hline 15 & 6 \\
\hline 20 & 8 \\
\hline 25 & 11 \\
\hline 30 & 17 \\
\hline 35 & 19 \\
\hline 40 & 20 \\
\hline 45 & 12 \\
\hline 50 & 7 \\
\hline
\end{array}$

Solution

Calculating the mean by hand could get tricky if we try to type in all 100 values:

\[\frac{15 + \cdots + 15 + 20 + \cdots+20 + 25 + \cdots + 25 + \cdots}{100} \nonumber \]

We could calculate this more easily by noticing that adding 15 to itself six times is the same as $15 \cdot 6=90$. Using this simplification, we get

\[\frac{15 \cdot 6+20 \cdot 8+25 \cdot 11+30 \cdot 17+35 \cdot 19+40 \cdot 20+45 \cdot 12+50 \cdot 7}{100}=\frac{3390}{100}=33.9 \nonumber \]

The mean household income of our sample is 33.9 thousand dollars ($33,900).

Example 17

Extending off the last example, suppose a new family moves into the neighborhood example that has a household income of $5 million ($5000 thousand). Adding this to our sample, our mean is now:

Solution

\[\frac{15 \cdot 6+20 \cdot 8+25 \cdot 11+30 \cdot 17+35 \cdot 19+40 \cdot 20+45 \cdot 12+50 \cdot 7+5000 \cdot 1}{101}=\frac{8390}{101}=83.069 \nonumber \]

While 83.1 thousand dollars ($83,069) is the correct mean household income, it no longer represents a “typical” value.

Imagine the data values on a see-saw or balance scale. The mean is the value that keeps the data in balance, like in the picture below.

$A picture of a plank set on a fulcrum, which is in-balance. To the left of the fulcrum there is a large box close to the fulcrum. To the right there is a small box close to the fulcrum and another small box far from the fulcrum.$

If we graph our household data, the $5 million data value is so far out to the right that the mean has to adjust up to keep things in balance

$A picture of a plank set on a fulcrum, which is in-balance. To the left of the fulcrum there is a large box a small distance from the fulcrum, and two small boxes closer to the fulcrum. To the right there is a small box very far from the fulcrum.$

For this reason, when working with data that have outliers – values far outside the primary grouping – it is common to use a different measure of center, the median.

Median

To find the median, begin by listing the data in order from smallest to largest, or largest to smallest.

If the number of data values, $N$, is odd, then the median is the middle data value. This value can be found by rounding $\frac{N}{2}$ up to the next whole number.

If the number of data values is even, there is no one middle value, so we find the mean of the two middle values (values $\frac{N}{2}$ and $\frac{N}{2} + 1$)

Example 18

Returning to the football touchdown data, we would start by listing the data in order. Luckily, it was already in decreasing order, so we can work with it without needing to reorder it first.

37 33 33 32 29 28 28 23 22 22 22 21 21 21 20

20 19 19 18 18 18 18 16 15 14 14 14 12 12 9 6

Solution

Since there are 31 data values, an odd number, the median will be the middle number, the 16^th data value (\frac{31}{2} = 15.5\), round up to 16, leaving 15 values below and 15 above). The 16^th data value is 20, so the median number of touchdown passes in the 2000 season was 20 passes. Notice that for this data, the median is fairly close to the mean we calculated earlier, 20.5.

Example 19

Find the median of these quiz scores: 5 10 8 6 4 8 2 5 7 7

We start by listing the data in order: 2 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 8 10

Solution

Since there are 10 data values, an even number, there is no one middle number. So we find the mean of the two middle numbers, 6 and 7, and get $\frac{6+7}{2} = 6.5$.

The median quiz score was 6.5.

Try it Now 5

The price of a jar of peanut butter at 5 stores were: $3.29, $3.59, $3.79, $3.75, and $3.99. Find the median price.

Answer: First we put the data in order: $3.29, $3.59, $3.75, $3.79, $3.99. Since there are an odd number of data, the median will be the middle value, $3.75.

Example 20

Let us return now to our original household income data

Solution

Here we have 100 data values. If we didn’t already know that, we could find it by adding the frequencies. Since 100 is an even number, we need to find the mean of the middle two data values - the 50^th and 51^st data values. To find these, we start counting up from the bottom:

\[\begin{array}{ll} \text{There are 6 data values of \$15, so} & \text{Values 1 to } 6 \text{ are \$15 thousand } \\ \text{The next 8 data values are \$20, so } & \text{Values 7 to } (6+8)=14 \text{ are \$20 thousand} \\ \text{The next 11 data values are \$25, so} & \text{ Values 15 to } (14+11)=25 \text{ are \$25 thousand} \\ \text{The next 17 data values are \$30, so} & \text{Values 26 to } (25+17)=42 \text{ are \$30 thousand} \\ \text{The next 19 data values are \$35, so} & \text{Values 43 to } (42+19)=61 \text{ are \$35 thousand} \end{array} \nonumber \]

From this we can tell that values 50 and 51 will be $35 thousand, and the mean of these two values is $35 thousand. The median income in this neighborhood is $35 thousand.

Example 21

If we add in the new neighbor with a $5 million household income, then there will be 101 data values, and the 51^st value will be the median. As we discovered in the last example, the 51^st value is $35 thousand. Notice that the new neighbor did not affect the median in this case. The median is not swayed as much by outliers as the mean is.

In addition to the mean and the median, there is one other common measurement of the "typical" value of a data set: the mode.

Mode

The mode is the element of the data set that occurs most frequently.

The mode is fairly useless with data like weights or heights where there are a large number of possible values. The mode is most commonly used for categorical data, for which median and mean cannot be computed.

Example 22

In our vehicle color survey, we collected the data

$\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \textbf { Color } & \textbf { Frequency } \\
\hline \text { Blue } & 3 \\
\hline \text { Green } & 5 \\
\hline \text { Red } & 4 \\
\hline \text { White } & 3 \\
\hline \text { Black } & 2 \\
\hline \text { Grey } & 3 \\
\hline
\end{array}$

For this data, Green is the mode, since it is the data value that occurred the most frequently.

It is possible for a data set to have more than one mode if several categories have the same frequency, or no modes if each every category occurs only once.

Try it Now 6

Reviewers were asked to rate a product on a scale of 1 to 5. Find

The mean rating
The median rating
The mode rating

$\begin{array}{|l|l|}
\hline \textbf { Rating } & \textbf { Frequency } \\
\hline 1 & 4 \\
\hline 2 & 8 \\
\hline 3 & 7 \\
\hline 4 & 3 \\
\hline 5 & 1 \\
\hline
\end{array}$

Answer

The mean is $\frac{1 \cdot 4+2 \cdot 8+3 \cdot 7+4 \cdot 3+5 \cdot 1}{23} \approx 2.5$
There are 23 data values, so the median will be the 12^th data value. Ratings of 1 are the first 4 values, while a rating of 2 are the next 8 values, so the 12^th value will be a rating of 2. The median is 2.
The mode is the most frequent rating. The mode rating is 2.