
# 8.5: Simplify Complex Rational Expressions


Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Simplify a complex rational expression by writing it as division
• Simplify a complex rational expression by using the LCD

Note

Before you get started, take this readiness quiz.

If you miss a problem, go back to the section listed and review the material.

1. Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{3}{5}}{\frac{9}{10}}$$.
If you missed this problem, review Exercise 1.6.25.
2. Simplify: $$\frac{1−\frac{1}{3}}{4^2+4·5}$$.
If you missed this problem, review Exercise 1.6.31.

Complex fractions are fractions in which the numerator or denominator contains a fraction. In Chapter 1 we simplified complex fractions like these:

$\begin{array}{cc} {\frac{\frac{3}{4}}{\frac{5}{8}}}&{\frac{\frac{x}{2}}{\frac{xy}{6}}}\\ \nonumber \end{array}$

In this section we will simplify complex rational expressions, which are rational expressions with rational expressions in the numerator or denominator.

Definition: COMPLEX RATIONAL EXPRESSION

A complex rational expression is a rational expression in which the numerator or denominator contains a rational expression.

Here are a few complex rational expressions:

$$\frac{\frac{4}{y−3}}{\frac{8}{y^2−9}}$$

$$\frac{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}}{\frac{x}{y}−\frac{y}{x}}$$

$$\frac{\frac{2}{x+6}}{\frac{4}{x−6}−\frac{4}{x^2−36}}$$
Remember, we always exclude values that would make any denominator zero.

We will use two methods to simplify complex rational expressions.

## Simplify a Complex Rational Expression by Writing it as Division

We have already seen this complex rational expression earlier in this chapter.

$$\frac{\frac{6x^2−7x+2}{4x−8}}{\frac{2x^2−8x+3}{x^2−5x+6}}$$

We noted that fraction bars tell us to divide, so rewrote it as the division problem

$$(\frac{6x^2−7x+2}{4x−8})÷(\frac{2x^2−8x+3}{x^2−5x+6})$$

Then we multiplied the first rational expression by the reciprocal of the second, just like we do when we divide two fractions.

This is one method to simplify rational expressions. We write it as if we were dividing two fractions.

Example $$\PageIndex{1}$$

$$\frac{\frac{4}{y−3}}{\frac{8}{y^2−9}}$$.

 $$\frac{\frac{4}{y−3}}{\frac{8}{y^2−9}}$$ Rewrite the complex fraction as division. $$\frac{4}{y−3}÷\frac{8}{y^2−9}$$ Rewrite as the product of first times the reciprocal of the second. $$\frac{4}{y−3}·\frac{y^2−9}{8}$$ Multiply. $$\frac{4(y^2−9)}{8(y−3)}$$ Factor to look for common factors. $$\frac{4(y−3)(y+3)}{8(y−3)}$$ Simplify. $$\frac{y+3}{2}$$

Are there any value(s) of y that should not be allowed? The simplified rational expression has just a constant in the denominator. But the original complex rational expression had denominators of y−3 and $$y^2−9$$. This expression would be undefined if y=3 or y=−3

Example $$\PageIndex{2}$$

$$\frac{\frac{2}{x^2−1}}{\frac{3}{x+1}}$$.

$$\frac{2}{3(x−1)}$$

Example $$\PageIndex{3}$$

$$\frac{\frac{1}{x^2−7x+12}}{\frac{2}{x−4}}$$.

$$\frac{1}{2(x−3)}$$

Example $$\PageIndex{4}$$

$$\frac{\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{6}}{\frac{1}{2}−\frac{1}{3}}$$.

 Simplify the numerator and denominator. Find the LCD and add the fractions in the numerator. Find the LCD and add the fractions in the denominator. Simplify the numerator and denominator. Simplify the numerator and denominator, again. Rewrite the complex rational expression as a division problem. Multiply the first times by the reciprocal of the second. Simplify.

Example $$\PageIndex{5}$$

$$\frac{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{2}{3}}{\frac{5}{6}+\frac{1}{12}}$$.

$$\frac{14}{11}$$

Example $$\PageIndex{6}$$

$$\frac{\frac{3}{4}−\frac{1}{3}}{\frac{1}{8}+\frac{5}{6}}$$.

$$\frac{10}{23}$$

How to Simplify a Complex Rational Expression by Writing it as Division

Example $$\PageIndex{7}$$

$$\frac{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}}{\frac{x}{y}−\frac{y}{x}}$$.

Example $$\PageIndex{8}$$

$$\frac{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}}{\frac{1}{x}−\frac{1}{y}}$$.

$$\frac{y+x}{y−x}$$

Example $$\PageIndex{9}$$

$$\frac{\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}}{\frac{1}{a^2}−\frac{1}{b^2}}$$.

$$\frac{ab}{b−a}$$

Definition: SIMPLIFY A COMPLEX RATIONAL EXPRESSION BY WRITING IT AS DIVISION.

1. Simplify the numerator and denominator.
2. Rewrite the complex rational expression as a division problem.
3. Divide the expressions.

Example $$\PageIndex{10}$$

$$\frac{n−\frac{4n}{n+5}}{\frac{1}{n+5}+\frac{1}{n−5}}$$

 Simplify the numerator and denominator. Find the LCD and add the fractions in the numerator. Find the LCD and add the fractions in the denominator. Simplify the numerators. Subtract the rational expressions in the numerator and add in the denominator. Rewrite as fraction division. Multiply the first times the reciprocal of the second. Factor any expressions if possible. Remove common factors. Simplify.

Example $$\PageIndex{11}$$

$$\frac{b−\frac{3b}{b+5}}{\frac{2}{b+5}+\frac{1}{b−5}}$$.

b(b+2)

Example $$\PageIndex{12}$$

$$\frac{1−\frac{3}{c+4}}{\frac{1}{c+4}+\frac{c}{3}}$$.

3c+3

## Simplify a Complex Rational Expression by Using the LCD

We “cleared” the fractions by multiplying by the LCD when we solved equations with fractions. We can use that strategy here to simplify complex rational expressions. We will multiply the numerator and denominator by LCD of all the rational expressions.

Let’s look at the complex rational expression we simplified one way in Example. We will simplify it here by multiplying the numerator and denominator by the LCD. When we multiply by $$\frac{LCD}{LCD}$$ we are multiplying by 1, so the value stays the same.

Example $$\PageIndex{13}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{6}}{\frac{1}{2}−\frac{1}{3}}$$.

 The LCD of all the fractions in the whole expression is 6. Clear the fractions by multiplying the numerator and denominator by that LCD. Distribute. Simplify.

Example $$\PageIndex{14}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{5}}{\frac{1}{10}+\frac{1}{5}}$$.

$$\frac{7}{3}$$

Example $$\PageIndex{15}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{1}{4}+\frac{3}{8}}{\frac{1}{2}−\frac{5}{16}}$$.

$$\frac{7}{3}$$

How to Simplify a Complex Rational Expression by Using the LCD

Example $$\PageIndex{16}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{1}{x}+\frac{1}{y}}{\frac{x}{y}−\frac{y}{x}}$$.

Example $$\PageIndex{17}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{1}{a}+\frac{1}{b}}{\frac{a}{b}−\frac{b}{a}}$$.

$$\frac{b+a}{a^2+b^2}$$

Example $$\PageIndex{18}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{1}{x^2}−\frac{1}{y^2}}{\frac{1}{x}−\frac{1}{y}}$$.

$$\frac{y−x}{xy}$$

Definition: SIMPLIFY A COMPLEX RATIONAL EXPRESSION BY USING THE LCD.

1. Find the LCD of all fractions in the complex rational expression.
2. Multiply the numerator and denominator by the LCD.
3. Simplify the expression.

Be sure to start by factoring all the denominators so you can find the LCD.

Example $$\PageIndex{19}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{2}{x+6}}{\frac{4}{x−6}−\frac{4}{x^2−36}}$$.

 Find the LCD of all fractions in the complex rational expression. The LCD is (x+6)(x−6) Multiply the numerator and denominator by the LCD. Simplify the expression. Distribute in the denominator. Simplify. Simplify. To simplify the denominator, distribute and combine like terms. Remove common factors. Simplify. Notice that there are no more factors common to the numerator and denominator.

Example $$\PageIndex{20}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{3}{x+2}}{\frac{5}{x−2}−\frac{3}{x^2−4}}$$.

$$\frac{3x−6}{5x+7}$$

Example $$\PageIndex{21}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{2}{x−7}−\frac{1}{x+7}}{\frac{6}{x+7}−\frac{1}{x^2−49}}$$.

$$\frac{x+21}{6x+43}$$

Example $$\PageIndex{22}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{4}{m^2−7m+12}}{\frac{3}{m−3}−\frac{2}{m−4}}$$.

 Find the LCD of all fractions in the complex rational expression. The LCD is (m−3)(m−4) Multiply the numerator and denominator by the LCD. Simplify. Simplify. Distribute. Combine like terms.

Example $$\PageIndex{23}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{3}{x^2+7x+10}}{\frac{4}{x+2}+\frac{1}{x+5}}$$.

$$\frac{3}{5x+22}$$

Example $$\PageIndex{24}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{4y}{y+5}+\frac{2}{y+6}}{\frac{3y}{y^2+11y+30}}$$.

$$\frac{6y+34}{3y}$$

Example $$\PageIndex{25}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{y}{y+1}}{1+\frac{1}{y−1}}$$.

 Find the LCD of all fractions in the complex rational expression. The LCD is (y+1)(y−1) Multiply the numerator and denominator by the LCD. Distribute in the denominator and simplify. Simplify. Simplify the denominator, and leave the numerator factored. Factor the denominator, and remove factors common with the numerator. Simplify.

Example $$\PageIndex{26}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{\frac{x}{x+3}}{1+\frac{1}{x+3}}$$.

$$\frac{x}{x+4}$$

Example $$\PageIndex{27}$$

Simplify: $$\frac{1+\frac{1}{x−1}}{\frac{3}{x+1}}$$.

$$\frac{x(x+1)}{3(x−1)}$$

## Key Concepts

• To Simplify a Rational Expression by Writing it as Division
1. Simplify the numerator and denominator.
2. Rewrite the complex rational expression as a division problem.
3. Divide the expressions.
• To Simplify a Complex Rational Expression by Using the LCD
1. Find the LCD of all fractions in the complex rational expression.
2. Multiply the numerator and denominator by the LCD.
3. Simplify the expression.

### Glossary

complex rational expression
A complex rational expression is a rational expression in which the numerator or denominator contains a rational expression.