10.7.1: Variation of Parameters for Nonhomogeneous Linear Systems (Exercises)

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Q10.7.1

In Exercises 10.7.1-10.7.10 find a particular solution.

1. ${\bf y}'=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{-1}&{-4}\\{-1}&{-1}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{21e^{4t}}\\{8e^{-3t}} \end{array}\right]$

2. ${\bf y}'=\frac{1}{5}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{-4}&{3}\\{-2}&{-11}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{50e^{3t}}\\{10e^{-3t}} \end{array}\right]$

3. ${\bf y}'=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{1}&{2}\\{2}&{1}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{1}\\{t} \end{array}\right]$

4. ${\bf y}'=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{-4}&{-3}\\{6}&{5}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{2}\\{-2e^{t}} \end{array}\right]$

5. ${\bf y}'=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{-6}&{-3}\\{1}&{-2}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{4e^{-3t}}\\{4e^{-5t}} \end{array}\right]$

6. ${\bf y}'=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{0}&{1}\\{-1}&{0}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{1}\\{t} \end{array}\right]$

7. ${\bf y}'=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{3}&{1}&{-1}\\{3}&{5}&{1}\\{-6}&{2}&{4}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{3}\\{6}\\{3} \end{array}\right]$

8. ${\bf y}'=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{3}&{-1}&{-1}\\{-2}&{3}&{2}\\{4}&{-1}&{-2}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{1}\\{e^{t}}\\{e^{t}} \end{array}\right]$

9. ${\bf y}'=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{-3}&{2}&{2}\\{2}&{-3}&{2}\\{2}&{2}&{-3}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{e^{t}}\\{e^{-5t}}\\{e^{t}} \end{array}\right]$

10. ${\bf y}'=\frac{1}{3}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{1}&{1}&{-3}\\{-4}&{-4}&{3}\\{-2}&{1}&{0}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{e^{t}}\\{e^{t}}\\{e^{t}} \end{array}\right]$

Q10.7.2

In Exercises 10.7.11-10.7.20 find a particular solution, given that $Y$ is a fundamental matrix for the complementary system.

11. ${\bf y}'=\frac{1}{t}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{1}&{t}\\{-t}&{1}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+t\left[\begin{array}{c}{\cos t}\\{\sin t}\end{array} \right];\quad Y=t\left[\begin{array}{cc}{\cos t}&{\sin t}\\{-\sin t}&{\cos t}\end{array} \right]$

12. ${\bf y}'=\frac{1}{t}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{1}&{t}\\{t}&{1}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{t}\\{t^{2}}\end{array} \right];\quad Y=t\left[\begin{array}{cc}{e^{t}}&{e^{-t}}\\{e^{t}}&{-e^{-t}}\end{array} \right]$

13. ${\bf y}'=\frac{1}{t^{2}-1}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{t}&{-1}\\{-1}&{t}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+t\left[\begin{array}{c}{1}\\{-1}\end{array} \right];\quad Y=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{t}&{1}\\{1}&{t}\end{array} \right]$

14. ${\bf y}'=\frac{1}{3}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{1}&{-2e^{-t}}\\{2e^{t}}&{-1}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{e^{2t}}\\{e^{-2t}}\end{array} \right];\quad Y=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{2}&{e^{-t}}\\{e^{t}}&{2}\end{array} \right]$

15. ${\bf y}'=\frac{1}{2t^{4}}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{3t^{3}}&{t^{6}}\\{1}&{-3t^{3}}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\frac{1}{t}\left[\begin{array}{c}{t^{2}}\\{1}\end{array} \right];\quad Y=\frac{1}{t^{2}}\left[\begin{array}{cc}{t^{3}}&{t^{4}}\\{-1}&{t}\end{array} \right]$

16. ${\bf y}'=\left[\begin{array}{cc}{\frac{1}{t-1}}&{-\frac{e^{-t}}{t-1}}\\{\frac{e^{t}}{t+1}}&{\frac{1}{t+1}}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{t^{2}-1}\\{t^{2}-1}\end{array} \right];\quad Y=t\left[\begin{array}{cc}{t}&{e^{-t}}\\{e^{t}}&{t}\end{array} \right]$

17. ${\bf y}' = \frac{1}{t}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{1}&{1}&{0}\\{0}&{2}&{1}\\{-2}&{2}&{2}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{1}\\{2}\\{1}\end{array} \right];\quad Y=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{t^{2}}&{t^{3}}&{1}\\{t^{2}}&{2t^{3}}&{-1}\\{0}&{2t^{3}}&{2}\end{array} \right]$

18. ${\bf y}' = \left[\begin{array}{ccc}{3}&{e^{t}}&{e^{2t}}\\{e^{-t}}&{2}&{e^{t}}\\{e^{-2t}}&{e^{-t}}&{1}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{e^{3t}}\\{0}\\{0}\end{array} \right];\quad Y=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{e^{5t}}&{e^{2t}}&{0}\\{e^{4t}}&{0}&{e^{t}}\\{e^{3t}}&{-1}&{-1}\end{array} \right]$

19. ${\bf y}' = \frac{1}{t}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{1}&{t}&{0}\\{0}&{1}&{t}\\{0}&{-t}&{1}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\left[\begin{array}{c}{t}\\{t}\\{t}\end{array} \right];\quad Y=t\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{1}&{\cos t}&{\sin t}\\{0}&{-\sin t}&{\cos t}\\{0}&{-\cos t}&{-\sin t}\end{array} \right]$

20. ${\bf y}' = -\frac{1}{t}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{e^{-t}}&{-t}&{1-e^{-t}}\\{e^{-t}}&{1}&{-t-e^{-t}}\\{e^{-t}}&{-t}&{1-e^{-t}}\end{array} \right]{\bf y}+\frac{1}{t}\left[\begin{array}{c}{e^{t}}\\{0}\\{e^{t}}\end{array} \right];\quad Y=\frac{1}{t}\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{e^{t}}&{e^{-t}}&{t}\\{e^{t}}&{-e^{-t}}&{e^{-t}}\\{e^{t}}&{e^{-t}}&{0}\end{array} \right]$

Q10.7.3

21. Prove Theorem 10.7.1.

22.

Convert the scalar equation \[P_0(t)y^{(n)}+P_1(t)y^{(n-1)}+\cdots+P_n(t)y=F(t) \tag{A}\] into an equivalent $n\times n$ system \[{\bf y}'=A(t){\bf y}+{\bf f}(t). \tag{B}\]
Suppose (A) is normal on an interval $(a,b)$ and $\{y_1,y_2,\dots,y_n\}$ is a fundamental set of solutions of \[P_0(t)y^{(n)}+P_1(t)y^{(n-1)}+\cdots+P_n(t)y=0 \tag{C}\] on $(a,b)$. Find a corresponding fundamental matrix $Y$ for \[{\bf y}'=A(t){\bf y} \tag{D}\] on $(a,b)$ such that \[y=c_1y_1+c_2y_2+\cdots+c_ny_n\nonumber \] is a solution of (C) if and only if ${\bf y}=Y{\bf c}$ with \[{\bf c}=\left[\begin{array}{c}c_1\\c_2\\\vdots\\c_n\end{array}\right]\nonumber \] is a solution of (D).
Let $y_p=u_1y_1+u_1y_2+\cdots+u_ny_n$ be a particular solution of (A), obtained by the method of variation of parameters for scalar equations as given in Section 9.4, and define \[{\bf u}=\left[\begin{array}{c}u_1\\u_2\\\vdots\\u_n\end{array}\right].\nonumber \] Show that ${\bf y}_p=Y{\bf u}$ is a solution of (B).
Let ${\bf y}_p=Y{\bf u}$ be a particular solution of (B), obtained by the method of variation of parameters for systems as given in this section. Show that $y_p=u_1y_1+u_1y_2+\cdots+u_ny_n$ is a solution of (A).

23. Suppose the $n\times n$ matrix function $A$ and the $n$–vector function ${\bf f}$ are continuous on $(a,b)$. Let $t_0$ be in $(a,b)$, let ${\bf k}$ be an arbitrary constant vector, and let $Y$ be a fundamental matrix for the homogeneous system ${\bf y}'=A(t){\bf y}$. Use variation of parameters to show that the solution of the initial value problem

\[{\bf y}'=A(t){\bf y}+{\bf f}(t),\quad {\bf y}(t_0)={\bf k}\nonumber \]

\[{\bf y}(t)=Y(t)\left( Y^{-1}(t_0){\bf k}+\int_{t_0}^t Y^{-1}(s){\bf f}(s)\, ds\right).\nonumber \]