2.3E: Exercises

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Trigonometric Substitution

Simplify the expressions in exercises 1 - 5 by writing each one using a single trigonometric function.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{1}\)

\(4−4\sin^2θ\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{2}\)

\(9\sec^2θ−9\)

Answer: \(9\sec^2θ−9 \quad = \quad 9\tan^2θ\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{3}\)

\(a^2+a^2\tan^2θ\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{4}\)

\(a^2+a^2\tan^2θ\)

Answer: \(a^2+a^2\tan^2θ \quad = \quad a^2\sec^2θ\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{5}\)

\(16\cos^2θ−16\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Use the technique of completing the square to express each trinomial in exercises 6 - 8 as the square of a binomial.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{6}\)

\(4x^2−4x+1\)

Answer: \( 4(x−\frac{1}{2})^2\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{7}\)

\(2x^2−8x+3\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{8}\)

\(−x^2−2x+4\)

Answer: \( −(x+1)^2+5\)

In exercises 9 - 28, integrate using the method of trigonometric substitution. Express the final answer in terms of the original variable.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{9}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{\sqrt{4−x^2}}\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{10}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{\sqrt{x^2−a^2}}\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{\sqrt{x^2−a^2}} \quad = \quad \ln∣x+\sqrt{−a^2+x^2}∣+C\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{11}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\sqrt{4−x^2}\,dx\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{12}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{\sqrt{1+9x^2}}\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{\sqrt{1+9x^2}} \quad = \quad \tfrac{1}{3}\ln∣\sqrt{9x^2+1}+3x∣+C\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{13}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{x^2\,dx}{\sqrt{1−x^2}}\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{14}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{x^2\sqrt{1−x^2}}\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{x^2\sqrt{1−x^2}} \quad = \quad −\frac{\sqrt{1−x^2}}{x}+C\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{15}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{(1+x^2)^2}\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{16}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\sqrt{x^2+9}\,dx\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\sqrt{x^2+9}\,dx \quad = \quad 9\left[\frac{x\sqrt{x^2+9}}{18}+\tfrac{1}{2}\ln\left|\frac{\sqrt{x^2+9}}{3}+\frac{x}{3}\right|\right]+C\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{17}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{\sqrt{x^2−25}}{x}\,dx\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{18}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{θ^3}{\sqrt{9−θ^2}}\,dθ\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{θ^3dθ}{\sqrt{9−θ^2}}\,dθ \quad = \quad −\tfrac{1}{3}\sqrt{9−θ^2}(18+θ^2)+C\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{19}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{\sqrt{x^6−x^2}}\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{20}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\sqrt{x^6−x^8}\,dx\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\sqrt{x^6−x^8}\,dx \quad = \quad \frac{(−1+x^2)(2+3x^2)\sqrt{x^6−x^8}}{15x^3}+C\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{21}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{(1+x^2)^{3/2}}\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{22}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{(x^2−9)^{3/2}}\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{(x^2−9)^{3/2}} \quad = \quad −\frac{x}{9−\sqrt{9+x^2}}+C\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{23}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{\sqrt{1+x^2}}{x}\,dx\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{24}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{x^2}{\sqrt{x^2−1}}\,dx\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{x^2}{\sqrt{x^2−1}}\,dx \quad = \quad \tfrac{1}{2}(\ln∣x+\sqrt{x^2−1}∣+x\sqrt{x^2−1})+C\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{25}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{x^2}{x^2+4}\,dx\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{26}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{x^2\sqrt{x^2+1}}\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{x^2\sqrt{x^2+1}} \quad = \quad −\frac{\sqrt{1+x^2}}{x}+C\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{27}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{x^2}{\sqrt{1+x^2}}\,dx\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{28}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫^1_{−1}(1−x^2)^{3/2}\,dx\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫^1_{−1}(1−x^2)^{3/2}\,dx \quad = \quad \tfrac{1}{8}\left(x(5−2x^2)\sqrt{1−x^2}+3\arcsin x\right)+C\)

In exercises 29 - 34, Express the final answers in terms of the variable \(x\).

Exercise \(\PageIndex{29}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{\sqrt{x^2−1}}\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{30}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{x\sqrt{1−x^2}}\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{x\sqrt{1−x^2}} \quad = \quad \ln x−\ln∣1+\sqrt{1−x^2}∣+C\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{31}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\sqrt{x^2−1}\,dx\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{32}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{\sqrt{x^2−1}}{x^2}\,dx\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{\sqrt{x^2−1}}{x^2}\,dx \quad = \quad −\frac{\sqrt{−1+x^2}}{x}+\ln\left|x+\sqrt{−1+x^2}\right|+C\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{33}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{1−x^2}\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{34}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{\sqrt{1+x^2}}{x^2}\,dx\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{\sqrt{1+x^2}}{x^2}\,dx \quad = \quad −\frac{\sqrt{1+x^2}}{x}+\text{arcsinh}\, x+C\)

Use the technique of completing the square to evaluate the integrals in exercises 35 - 39.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{35}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{1}{x^2−6x}\,dx\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{36}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{1}{x^2+2x+1}\,dx\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{1}{x^2+2x+1}\,dx \quad = \quad −\frac{1}{1+x}+C\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{37}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{1}{\sqrt{−x^2+2x+8}}\,dx\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{38}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{1}{\sqrt{−x^2+10x}}\,dx\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{1}{\sqrt{−x^2+10x}}\,dx \quad = \quad \frac{2\sqrt{−10+x}\sqrt{x}\ln\left|\sqrt{−10+x}+\sqrt{x}\right|}{\sqrt{(10−x)x}}+C\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{39}\)

\(\displaystyle ∫\frac{1}{\sqrt{x^2+4x−12}}\,dx\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{40}\)

Evaluate the integral without using calculus: \(\displaystyle ∫^3_{−3}\sqrt{9−x^2}\,dx.\)

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫^3_{−3}\sqrt{9−x^2}\,dx \quad = \quad \frac{9π}{2}\); area of a semicircle with radius 3

Exercise \(\PageIndex{41}\)

Find the area enclosed by the ellipse \(\dfrac{x^2}{4}+\dfrac{y^2}{9}=1.\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{42}\)

Evaluate the integral \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{\sqrt{1−x^2}}\) using two different substitutions. First, let \(x=\cos θ\) and evaluate using trigonometric substitution. Second, let \(x=\sin θ\) and use trigonometric substitution. Are the answers the same?

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{\sqrt{1−x^2}} \quad = \quad \arcsin(x)+C\) is the common answer.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{43}\)

Evaluate the integral \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{dx}{x\sqrt{x^2−1}}\) using the substitution \(x=\sec θ\). Next, evaluate the same integral using the substitution \(x=\csc θ.\) Show that the results are equivalent.

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{44}\)

Evaluate the integral \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{x}{x^2+1}\,dx\) using the form \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{1}{u}\,du\). Next, evaluate the same integral using \(x=\tan θ.\) Are the results the same?

Answer: \(\displaystyle ∫\frac{x}{x^2+1}\,dx \quad = \quad \frac{1}{2}\ln(1+x^2)+C\) is the result using either method.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{45}\)

State the method of integration you would use to evaluate the integral \(\displaystyle ∫x\sqrt{x^2+1}\,dx.\) Why did you choose this method?

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{46}\)

State the method of integration you would use to evaluate the integral \(\displaystyle ∫x^2\sqrt{x^2−1}\,dx.\) Why did you choose this method?

Answer: Use trigonometric substitution. Let \(x=\sec(θ).\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{47}\)

Evaluate \(\displaystyle ∫^1_{−1}\frac{x}{x^2+1}\,dx\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{48}\)

Find the length of the arc of the curve over the specified interval: \(y=\ln x,\quad [1,5].\) Round the answer to three decimal places.

Answer: \( s = 4.367\) units

Exercise \(\PageIndex{49}\)

Find the surface area of the solid generated by revolving the region bounded by the graphs of \(y=x^2,\, y=0,\, x=0\), and \(x=\sqrt{2}\) about the \(x\)-axis. (Round the answer to three decimal places).

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{50}\)

The region bounded by the graph of \(f(x)=\dfrac{1}{1+x^2}\) and the \(x\)-axis between \(x=0\) and \(x=1\) is revolved about the \(x\)-axis. Find the volume of the solid that is generated.

Answer: \( V = \left(\frac{π^2}{8}+\frac{π}{4}\right) \, \text{units}^3\)

In exercises 51 - 52, solve the initial-value problem for \(y\) as a function of \(x\).

Exercise \(\PageIndex{51}\)

\((x^2+36)\dfrac{dy}{dx}=1, \quad y(6)=0\)

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{52}\)

\((64−x^2)\dfrac{dy}{dx}=1, \quad y(0)=3\)

Answer: \( y=\tfrac{1}{16}\ln\left|\dfrac{x+8}{x−8}\right|+3\)

Exercise \(\PageIndex{53}\)

Find the area bounded by \(y=\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{64−4x^2}},\, x=0,\, y=0\), and \(x=2\).

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{54}\)

An oil storage tank can be described as the volume generated by revolving the area bounded by \(y=\dfrac{16}{\sqrt{64+x^2}},\, x=0,\, y=0,\, x=2\) about the \(x\)-axis. Find the volume of the tank (in cubic meters).

Answer: \(V = 24.6\) m³

Exercise \(\PageIndex{55}\)

During each cycle, the velocity \(v\) (in feet per second) of a robotic welding device is given by \(v=2t−\dfrac{14}{4+t^2}\), where \(t\) is time in seconds. Find the expression for the displacement \(s\) (in feet) as a function of \(t\) if \(s=0\) when \(t=0\).

Answer: Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercise \(\PageIndex{56}\)

Find the length of the curve \(y=\sqrt{16−x^2}\) between \(x=0\) and \(x=2\).

Answer: \( s = \frac{2π}{3}\) units