In this final section, I provide more examples of cellular automata models, with a particular emphasis on biological systems. Nearly all biological phenomena involve some kind of spatial extension, suc...In this final section, I provide more examples of cellular automata models, with a particular emphasis on biological systems. Nearly all biological phenomena involve some kind of spatial extension, such as excitation patterns on neural or muscular tissue, cellular arrangements in an individual organism’s body, and population distribution at ecological levels. If a system has a spatial extension, nonlinear local interactions among its components may cause spontaneous pattern formation, i.e., self-
