4.6: Volunteer's Dilemma
In Section 4.5 we played a game called Volunteer's Dilemma.
One example of a Volunteer's Dilemma is the game where everyone chooses “\(1\) point” or “\(5\) points.” If at least one person writes down \(1\) point, then everyone gets the number of points they wrote down. If no one chooses \(1\) point, then everyone gets \(0\) points. Choosing “\(1\) point” is considered volunteering or cooperating. Choosing to not volunteer and take “\(5\) points” is defecting.
You should note that it is difficult to put this game into a matrix form since payoffs depend on whether there is at least one volunteer or cooperator.
In this section, we will compare Class-wide Prisoner's Dilemma with Volunteer's Dilemma. In particular, we want to think about the effect cooperating and defecting have on the group of players. How does one player's choice affect everyone else? What happens to the group if there is a single cooperator or a single defector? What happens if everyone cooperates or everyone defects? We will use the payoffs for Prisoner's Dilemma from Section 4.3 , given again in Table \(4.6.1\).
| Table \(4.6.1\): Class-wide Prisoner's Dilemma (again). | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Player 2 | |||
| Cooperate | Defect | ||
| Driver 1 | Cooperate | \((3, 3)\) | \((0, 5)\) |
| Defect | \((5, 0)\) | \((1, 1)\) |
In Class-wide Prisoner's Dilemma what effect does one defector have on the group? In other words, if a single player defects, how many points does he cost each of the other players?
In Class-wide Prisoner's Dilemma what effect does everyone's defection have on the group? In other words, what is the most points lost by the group if everyone defects?
In Class-wide Prisoner's Dilemma what effect could your own defection have on the group? In other words, how many points does the group lose if you defect instead of cooperate? You may need to consider different cases depending on how many cooperators there are. For example what if there are no cooperators? What if there are no defectors? What if there are some of each?
In Volunteer's Dilemma , with the payoffs given in Example \(4.6.1\), what effect does one defector have on the group? In other words, if there is a single defector, how many points do each of the other players lose?
In Volunteer's Dilemma , with the payoffs given in Example \(4.6.1\), what effect does everyone's defection have on the group? In other words, if everyone defects, how many points does the group lose?
In Volunteer's Dilemma , with the payoffs given in Example \(4.6.1\), what effect could your own defection have on the group? In other words, how many points does the group lose if you defect instead of cooperate? You may need to consider different cases depending on how many cooperators there are. For example what if there are no cooperators? What if there are no defectors? What if there are some of each?
Now that we've considered how an individual decision can affect the group, we can think about what the most rational strategy is in a multiplayer Prisoner's Dilemma or a Volunteer's Dilemma.
Considering your answers above and to previous work with Prisoner's Dilemma, in Class-wide Prisoner's Dilemma , which is more rational to be a cooperator or a defector? Why?
Whichever strategy you chose in Exercise \(4.6.7\), explain what would happen if everyone was the most rational. Is it now more rational to do the opposite?
Considering your answers above, in Volunteer's Dilemma , which is more rational to be a cooperator (volunteer) or a defector? Why?
Whichever strategy you chose in Exercise \(4.6.9\), explain what would happen if everyone was the most rational. Is it now more rational to do the opposite?
Volunteer's Dilemma can also be called “Class-wide Chicken.” Try to describe this class-wide game in terms of “swerving” and “going straight.” How do the payoffs for Volunteer's Dilemma relate to the payoffs for Chicken?
Even though the Class-wide Prisoner's Dilemma and the Volunteer's Dilemma games were played with multiple players, each game was only played once. In the next section we look at what might happen if we repeatedly play Prisoner's Dilemma with the same opponent.