8.3: Solve Equations Using the Division and Multiplication Properties of Equality
- Solve equations using the Division and Multiplication Properties of Equality
- Solve equations that need to be simplified
Before you get started, take this readiness quiz.
- Simplify: −7\(\left(\dfrac{1}{−7}\right)\). If you missed this problem, review Example 4.3.10 .
- What is the reciprocal of \(− \dfrac{3}{8}\)? If you missed this problem, review Example 4.4.11 .
- Evaluate 9x + 2 when x = −3. If you missed this problem, review Example 3.8.10 .
Solve Equations Using the Division and Multiplication Properties of Equality
We introduced the Multiplication and Division Properties of Equality in Solve Equations Using Integers; The Division Property of Equality and Solve Equations with Fractions . We modeled how these properties worked using envelopes and counters and then applied them to solving equations (See Solve Equations Using Integers; The Division Property of Equality ). We restate them again here as we prepare to use these properties again.
Division Property of Equality: For all real numbers a, b, c, and c ≠ 0, if a = b, then \(\dfrac{a}{c} = \dfrac{b}{c}\).
Multiplication Property of Equality: For all real numbers a, b, c, if a = b, then ac = bc.
When you divide or multiply both sides of an equation by the same quantity, you still have equality.
Let’s review how these properties of equality can be applied in order to solve equations. Remember, the goal is to ‘undo’ the operation on the variable. In the example below the variable is multiplied by 4, so we will divide both sides by 4 to ‘undo’ the multiplication.
Solve: 4x = −28.
Solution
We use the Division Property of Equality to divide both sides by 4.
| Divide both sides by 4 to undo the multiplication. | $$\dfrac{4x}{\textcolor{red}{4}} = \dfrac{-28}{\textcolor{red}{4}}$$ |
| Simplify. | $$x = -7$$ |
| Check your answer. Let x = −7. | $$\begin{split} 4x &= -28 \\ 4(\textcolor{red}{-7}) &\stackrel{?}{=} -28 \\ -28 &= -28\; \checkmark \end{split}$$ |
Since this is a true statement, x = −7 is a solution to 4x = −28.
Solve: 3y = −48.
- Answer
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y = -16
Solve: 4z = −52.
- Answer
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z = -13
In the previous example, to ‘undo’ multiplication, we divided. How do you think we ‘undo’ division?
Solve: \(\dfrac{a}{−7}\) = −42.
Solution
Here a is divided by −7. We can multiply both sides by −7 to isolate a.
| Multiply both sides by −7. | $$\textcolor{red}{-7} \left(\dfrac{a}{-7}\right) = \textcolor{red}{7} (-42)$$ |
| Simplify. | $$a = 294$$ |
| Check your answer. Let a = 294. | $$\begin{split} \dfrac{a}{-7} &= -42 \\ \dfrac{\textcolor{red}{294}}{-7} &\stackrel{?}{=} -42 \\ -42 &= -42\; \checkmark \end{split}$$ |
Solve: \(\dfrac{b}{−6}\) = −24.
- Answer
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b = 144
Solve: \(\dfrac{c}{−8}\) = −16.
- Answer
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c = 128
Solve: −r = 2.
Solution
Remember −r is equivalent to −1r.
| Rewrite −r as −1r. | $$-1r = 2$$ |
| Divide both sides by −1. | $$\dfrac{-1r}{\textcolor{red}{-1}} = \dfrac{2}{\textcolor{red}{-1}}$$ |
Check.
| Substitute r = −2. | $$-r = 2$$ |
| Simplify. | $$\begin{split} -(\textcolor{red}{-2}) &\stackrel{?}{=} 2 \\ 2 &= 2\; \checkmark \end{split}$$ |
In Solve Equations with Fractions , we saw that there are two other ways to solve −r = 2.
- We could multiply both sides by −1.
- We could take the opposite of both sides.
Solve: −k = 8.
- Answer
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k = -8
Solve: −g = 3.
- Answer
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g = -3
Solve: \(\dfrac{2}{3}\)x = 18.
Solution
Since the product of a number and its reciprocal is 1, our strategy will be to isolate x by multiplying by the reciprocal of \(\dfrac{2}{3}\).
| Multiply by the reciprocal of \(\dfrac{2}{3}\). | $$\textcolor{red}{\dfrac{3}{2}} \cdot \dfrac{2}{3} x = \textcolor{red}{\dfrac{3}{2}} \cdot 18$$ |
| Reciprocals multiply to one. | $$1x = \dfrac{3}{2} \cdot \dfrac{18}{1}$$ |
| Multiply. | $$x = 27$$ |
| Check your answer. Let x = 27. | $$\begin{split} \dfrac{2}{3} x &= 18 \\ \dfrac{2}{3} \cdot \textcolor{red}{27} &\stackrel{?}{=} 18 \\ 18 &= 18\; \checkmark \end{split}$$ |
Notice that we could have divided both sides of the equation \(\dfrac{2}{3}\)x = 18 by \(\dfrac{2}{3}\) to isolate x. While this would work, multiplying by the reciprocal requires fewer steps.
Solve: \(\dfrac{2}{5}\)n = 14.
- Answer
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n = 35
Solve: \(\dfrac{5}{6}\)y = 15.
- Answer
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y = 18
Solve Equations That Need to be Simplified
Many equations start out more complicated than the ones we’ve just solved. First, we need to simplify both sides of the equation as much as possible.
Solve: 8x + 9x − 5x = −3 + 15.
Solution
Start by combining like terms to simplify each side.
| Combine like terms. | $$12x = 12$$ |
| Divide both sides by 12 to isolate x. | $$\dfrac{12x}{\textcolor{red}{12}} = \dfrac{12}{\textcolor{red}{12}}$$ |
| Simplify. | $$x = 1$$ |
| Check your answer. Let x = 1. | $$\begin{split} 8x + 9x - 5x &= -3 + 15 \\ 8 \cdot \textcolor{red}{1} + 9 \cdot \textcolor{red}{1} - 5 \cdot \textcolor{red}{1} &\stackrel{?}{=} -3 + 15 \\ 12 &= 12\; \checkmark \end{split}$$ |
Solve: 7x + 6x − 4x = −8 + 26.
- Answer
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x = 2
Solve: 11n − 3n − 6n = 7 − 17.
- Answer
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n = -5
Solve: 11 − 20 = 17y − 8y − 6y.
Solution
Simplify each side by combining like terms.
| Simplify each side. | $$-9 = 3y$$ |
| Divide both sides by 3 to isolate y. | $$\dfrac{-9}{\textcolor{red}{3}} = \dfrac{3y}{\textcolor{red}{3}}$$ |
| Simplify. | $$-3 = y$$ |
| Check your answer. Let y = −3. | $$\begin{split} 11 - 20 &= 17y - 8y - 6y \\ 11 - 20 &\stackrel{?}{=} 17(\textcolor{red}{-3}) -8(\textcolor{red}{-3}) -6(\textcolor{red}{-3}) \\ 11 - 20 &\stackrel{?}{=} -51 + 24 + 18 \\ -9 &\stackrel{?}{=} -9\; \checkmark \end{split}$$ |
Notice that the variable ended up on the right side of the equal sign when we solved the equation. You may prefer to take one more step to write the solution with the variable on the left side of the equal sign.
Solve: 18 − 27 = 15c − 9c − 3c.
- Answer
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c = -3
Solve: 18 − 22 = 12x − x − 4x.
- Answer
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\(x = -\frac{4}{7}\)
Solve: −3(n − 2) − 6 = 21.
Solution
Remember—always simplify each side first.
| Distribute. | $$−3n + 6 = 21$$ |
| Simplify. | $$-3x = 21$$ |
| Divide both sides by -3 to isolate n. | $$\begin{split} \dfrac{-3n}{\textcolor{red}{-3}} &= \dfrac{21}{\textcolor{red}{-3}} \\ n &= -7 \end{split}$$ |
| Check your answer. Let n = −7. | $$\begin{split} −3(n − 2) − 6 &= 21 \\ -3(\textcolor{red}{-7} - 2) - 6 &\stackrel{?}{=} 21 \\ -3(-9) - 6 &\stackrel{?}{=} 21 \\ 27 - 6 &\stackrel{?}{=} 21 \\ 21 &= 21\; \checkmark \end{split}$$ |
Solve: −4(n − 2) − 8 = 24.
- Answer
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n = -6
Solve: −6(n − 2) − 12 = 30.
- Answer
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n = -5
Solving One Step Equation by Mult/Div. Integers (Var on Left)
Solving One Step Equation by Mult/Div. Integers (Var on Right)
Solving One Step Equation in the Form: −x = −a
Practice Makes Perfect
Solve Equations Using the Division and Multiplication Properties of Equality
In the following exercises, solve each equation for the variable using the Division Property of Equality and check the solution.
- 8x = 32
- 7p = 63
- −5c = 55
- −9x = −27
- −90 = 6y
- −72 = 12y
- −16p = −64
- −8m = −56
- 0.25z = 3.25
- 0.75a = 11.25
- −3x = 0
- 4x = 0
In the following exercises, solve each equation for the variable using the Multiplication Property of Equality and check the solution.
- \(\dfrac{x}{4}\) = 15
- \(\dfrac{z}{2}\) = 14
- −20 = \(\dfrac{q}{−5}\)
- \(\dfrac{c}{−3}\) = −12
- \(\dfrac{y}{9}\) = −6
- \(\dfrac{q}{6}\) = −8
- \(\dfrac{m}{−12}\) = 5
- −4 = \(\dfrac{p}{−20}\)
- \(\dfrac{2}{3}\)y = 18
- \(\dfrac{3}{5}\)r = 15
- \(− \dfrac{5}{8}\)w = 40
- 24 = \(− \dfrac{3}{4}\)x
- \(− \dfrac{2}{5} = \dfrac{1}{10} a\)
- \(− \dfrac{1}{3} q = − \dfrac{5}{6}\)
Solve Equations That Need to be Simplified
In the following exercises, solve the equation.
- 8a + 3a − 6a = −17 + 27
- 6y − 3y + 12y = −43 + 28
- −9x − 9x + 2x = 50 − 2
- −5m + 7m − 8m = −6 + 36
- 100 − 16 = 4p − 10p − p
- −18 − 7 = 5t − 9t − 6t
- \(\dfrac{7}{8} n − \dfrac{3}{4} n\) = 9 + 2
- \(\dfrac{5}{12} q + \dfrac{1}{2} q\) = 25 − 3
- 0.25d + 0.10d = 6 − 0.75
- 0.05p − 0.01p = 2 + 0.24
Everyday Math
- Balloons Ramona bought 18 balloons for a party. She wants to make 3 equal bunches. Find the number of balloons in each bunch, b, by solving the equation 3b = 18.
- Teaching Connie’s kindergarten class has 24 children. She wants them to get into 4 equal groups. Find the number of children in each group, g, by solving the equation 4g = 24.
- Ticket price Daria paid $36.25 for 5 children’s tickets at the ice skating rink. Find the price of each ticket, p, by solving the equation 5p = 36.25.
- Unit price Nishant paid $12.96 for a pack of 12 juice bottles. Find the price of each bottle, b, by solving the equation 12b = 12.96.
- Fuel economy Tania’s SUV gets half as many miles per gallon (mpg) as her husband’s hybrid car. The SUV gets 18 mpg. Find the miles per gallons, m, of the hybrid car, by solving the equation \(\dfrac{1}{2}\)m = 18.
- Fabric The drill team used 14 yards of fabric to make flags for one-third of the members. Find how much fabric, f, they would need to make flags for the whole team by solving the equation \(\dfrac{1}{3}\)f = 14.
Writing Exercises
- Frida started to solve the equation −3x = 36 by adding 3 to both sides. Explain why Frida’s method will result in the correct solution.
- Emiliano thinks x = 40 is the solution to the equation \(\dfrac{1}{2}\)x = 80. Explain why he is wrong.
Self Check
(a) After completing the exercises, use this checklist to evaluate your mastery of the objectives of this section.
(b) After reviewing this checklist, what will you do to become confident for all objectives?
Contributors and Attributions
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Lynn Marecek (Santa Ana College) and MaryAnne Anthony-Smith (Formerly of Santa Ana College). This content is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License v4.0 "Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/fd53eae1-fa2...49835c3c@5.191 ."