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7.6.1: The Method of Frobenius II (Exercises)

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    30758
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    Q7.6.1

    In Exercises 7.6.1-7.6.11 find a fundamental set of Frobenius solutions. Compute the terms involving \(x^{n+r_1}\), where \(0\le n\le N\) (\(N\) at least \(7\)) and \(r_1\) is the root of the indicial equation. Optionally, write a computer program to implement the applicable recurrence formulas and take \(N>7\).

    1. \(x^2y''-x(1-x)y'+(1-x^2)y=0\)

    2. \(x^2(1+x+2x^2)y'+x(3+6x+7x^2)y'+(1+6x-3x^2)y=0\)

    3. \(x^2(1+2x+x^2)y''+x(1+3x+4x^2)y'-x(1-2x)y=0\)

    4. \(4x^2(1+x+x^2)y''+12x^2(1+x)y'+(1+3x+3x^2)y=0\)

    5. \(x^2(1+x+x^2)y''-x(1-4x-2x^2)y'+y=0\)

    6. \(9x^2y''+3x(5+3x-2x^2)y'+(1+12x-14x^2)y=0\)

    7. \(x^2y''+x(1+x+x^2)y'+x(2-x)y=0\)

    8. \(x^2(1+2x)y''+x(5+14x+3x^2)y'+(4+18x+12x^2)y=0\)

    9. \(4x^2y''+2x(4+x+x^2)y'+(1+5x+3x^2)y=0\)

    10. \(16x^2y''+4x(6+x+2x^2)y'+(1+5x+18x^2)y=0\)

    11. \(9x^2(1+x)y''+3x(5+11x-x^2)y'+(1+16x-7x^2)y=0\)

    Q7.6.2

    In Exercises 7.6.12-7.6.22 find a fundamental set of Frobenius solutions. Give explicit formulas for the coefficients.

    12. \(4x^2y''+(1+4x)y=0\)

    13. \(36x^2(1-2x)y''+24x(1-9x)y'+(1-70x)y=0\)

    14. \(x^2(1+x)y''-x(3-x)y'+4y=0\)

    15. \(x^2(1-2x)y''-x(5-4x)y'+(9-4x)y=0\)

    16. \(25x^2y''+x(15+x)y'+(1+x)y=0\)

    17. \(2x^2(2+x)y''+x^2y'+(1-x)y=0\)

    18. \(x^2(9+4x)y''+3xy'+(1+x)y=0\)

    19. \(x^2y''-x(3-2x)y'+(4+3x)y=0\)

    20. \(x^2(1-4x)y''+3x(1-6x)y'+(1-12x)y=0\)

    21. \(x^2(1+2x)y''+x(3+5x)y'+(1-2x)y=0\)

    22. \(2x^2(1+x)y''-x(6-x)y'+(8-x)y=0\)

    Q7.6.3

    In Exercises 7.6.23-7.6.27 find a fundamental set of Frobenius solutions. Compare the terms involving \(x^{n+r_{1}}\), where \(0\leq n\leq N\) (\(N\) at least \(7\)) and \(r_{1}\) is the root of the indicial equation. Optionally, write a computer program to implement the applicable recurrence formulas and take \(N>7\).

    23. \(x^2(1+2x)y''+x(5+9x)y'+(4+3x)y=0\)

    24. \(x^2(1-2x)y''-x(5+4x)y'+(9+4x)y=0\)

    25. \(x^2(1+4x)y''-x(1-4x)y'+(1+x)y=0\)

    26. \(x^2(1+x)y''+x(1+2x)y'+xy=0\)

    27. \(x^2(1-x)y''+x(7+x)y'+(9-x)y=0\)

    Q7.6.4

    In Exercises 7.6.28-7.6.38 find a fundamental set of Frobenius solutions. Give explicit formulas for the coefficients.

    28. \(x^2y''-x(1-x^2)y'+(1+x^2)y=0\)

    29. \(x^2(1+x^2)y''-3x(1-x^2)y'+4y=0\)

    30. \(4x^2y''+2x^3y'+(1+3x^2)y=0\)

    31. \(x^2(1+x^2)y''-x(1-2x^2)y'+y=0\)

    32. \(2x^2(2+x^2)y''+7x^3y'+(1+3x^2)y=0\)

    33. \(x^2(1+x^2)y''-x(1-4x^2)y'+(1+2x^2)y=0\)

    34. \(4x^2(4+x^2)y''+3x(8+3x^2)y'+(1-9x^2)y=0\)

    35. \(3x^2(3+x^2)y''+x(3+11x^2)y'+(1+5x^2)y=0\)

    36. \(4x^2(1+4x^2)y''+32x^3y'+y=0\)

    37. \(9x^2y''-3x(7-2x^2)y'+(25+2x^2)y=0\)

    38. \(x^2(1+2x^2)y''+x(3+7x^2)y'+(1-3x^2)y=0\)

    Q7.6.5

    In Exercises 7.6.39-7.6.43 find a fundamental set of Frobenius solutions. Compute the terms involving \(x^{2m+r_{1}}\), where \(0 ≤ m ≤ M\) (\(M\) at least \(3\)) and \(r_{1}\) is the root of the indicial equation. Optionally, write a computer program to implement the applicable recurrence formulas and take \(M > 3\).

    39. \(x^2(1+x^2)y''+x(3+8x^2)y'+(1+12x^2)y\)

    40. \(x^2y''-x(1-x^2)y'+(1+x^2)y=0\)

    41. \(x^2(1-2x^2)y''+x(5-9x^2)y'+(4-3x^2)y=0\)

    42. \(x^2(2+x^2)y''+x(14-x^2)y'+2(9+x^2)y=0\)

    43. \(x^2(1+x^2)y''+x(3+7x^2)y'+(1+8x^2)y=0\)

    Q7.6.6

    In Exercises 7.6.44-7.6.52 find a fundamental set of Frobenius solutions. Give explicit formulas for the coefficients.

    44. \(x^2(1-2x)y''+3xy'+(1+4x)y=0\)

    45. \(x(1+x)y''+(1-x)y'+y=0\)

    46. \(x^2(1-x)y''+x(3-2x)y'+(1+2x)y=0\)

    47. \(4x^2(1+x)y''-4x^2y'+(1-5x)y=0\)

    48. \(x^2(1-x)y''-x(3-5x)y'+(4-5x)y=0\)

    49. \(x^2(1+x^2)y''-x(1+9x^2)y'+(1+25x^2)y=0\)

    50. \(9x^2y''+3x(1-x^2)y'+(1+7x^2)y=0\)

    51. \(x(1+x^2)y''+(1-x^2)y'-8xy=0\)

    52. \(4x^2y''+2x(4-x^2)y'+(1+7x^2)y=0\)

    Q7.6.7

    53. Under the assumptions of Theorem 7.6.2, suppose the power series

    \[\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n(r_1)x^n \quad\mbox{ and }\quad \sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n'(r_1)x^n\nonumber \]

    converge on \((-\rho,\rho)\).

    1. Show that \[y_1=x^{r_1}\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n(r_1)x^n\quad\mbox{ and }\quad y_2=y_1\ln x+x^{r_1}\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n'(r_1)x^n\nonumber \] are linearly independent on \((0,\rho)\). HINT: Show that if \(c_{1}\) and \(c_{2}\) are constants such that \(c_{1}y_{1}+c_{2}y_{2}≡0\) on \((0, \rho )\), then \[(c_{1}+c_{2}\ln x)\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}a_{n}(r_{1})x^{n}+c_{2}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_{n}'(r_{1})x^{n}=0,\quad 0<x<\rho \nonumber \] Then let \(x\to 0+\) to conclude that \(c_{2}=0\).
    2. Use the result of (a) to complete the proof of Theorem 7.6.2.

    54. Let

    \[Ly=x^2(\alpha_0+\alpha_1x)y''+x(\beta_0+\beta_1x)y'+(\gamma_0+\gamma_1x)y\nonumber \]

    and define

    \[p_0(r)=\alpha_0r(r-1)+\beta_0r+\gamma_0\quad\mbox{ and }\quad p_1(r)=\alpha_1r(r-1)+\beta_1r+\gamma_1.\nonumber \]

    Theorem 7.6.1 and Exercise 7.5.55a

    imply that if

    \[y(x,r)=x^r\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n(r)x^n\nonumber \]

    where

    \[a_n(r)=(-1)^n\prod_{j=1}^n{p_1(j+r-1)\over p_0(j+r)},\nonumber \]

    then

    \[Ly(x,r)=p_0(r)x^r.\nonumber \]

    Now suppose \(p_0(r)=\alpha_0(r-r_1)^2\) and \(p_1(k+r_1)\ne0\) if \(k\) is a nonnegative integer.

    1. Show that \(Ly=0\) has the solution \[y_1=x^{r_1}\sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n(r_1)x^n,\nonumber \] where \[a_n(r_1)={(-1)^n\over\alpha_0^n(n!)^2}\prod_{j=1}^np_1(j+r_1-1).\nonumber \]
    2. Show that \(Ly=0\) has the second solution \[y_2=y_1\ln x+x^{r_1}\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n(r_1)J_nx^n,\nonumber \] where \[J_n=\sum_{j=1}^n{p_1'(j+r_1-1)\over p_1(j+r_1-1)}-2\sum_{j=1}^n{1\over j}.\nonumber \]
    3. Conclude from (a) and (b) that if \(\gamma_1\ne0\) then \[y_1=x^{r_1}\sum_{n=0}^\infty {(-1)^n\over(n!)^2}\left(\gamma_1\over\alpha_0\right)^nx^n\nonumber \] and \[y_2=y_1\ln x-2x^{r_1}\sum_{n=1}^\infty {(-1)^n\over(n!)^2}\left(\gamma_1\over\alpha_0\right)^n \left(\sum_{j=1}^n{1\over j}\right)x^n\nonumber \] are solutions of \[\alpha_0x^2y''+\beta_0xy'+(\gamma_0+\gamma_1x)y=0.\nonumber \] (The conclusion is also valid if \(\gamma_1=0\). Why?)

    55. Let

    \[Ly=x^2(\alpha_0+\alpha_qx^q)y''+x(\beta_0+\beta_qx^q)y'+(\gamma_0+\gamma_qx^q)y\nonumber \]

    where \(q\) is a positive integer, and define

    \[p_0(r)=\alpha_0r(r-1)+\beta_0r+\gamma_0\quad\mbox{ and }\quad p_q(r)=\alpha_qr(r-1)+\beta_qr+\gamma_q.\nonumber \]

    Suppose

    \[p_0(r)=\alpha_0(r-r_1)^2 \quad\mbox{ and }\quad p_q(r)\not\equiv0.\nonumber \]

    1. Recall from Exercise 7.5.59 that \(Ly~=0\) has the solution \[y_1=x^{r_1}\sum_{m=0}^\infty a_{qm}(r_1)x^{qm},\nonumber \] where \[a_{qm}(r_1)={(-1)^m\over (q^2\alpha_0)^m(m!)^2}\prod_{j=1}^mp_q\left(q(j-1)+r_1\right).\nonumber \]
    2. Show that \(Ly=0\) has the second solution \[y_2=y_1\ln x+x^{r_1}\sum_{m=1}^\infty a_{qm}'(r_1)J_mx^{qm},\nonumber \] where \[J_m=\sum_{j=1}^m{p_q'\left(q(j-1)+r_1\right)\over p_q\left(q(j-1)+r_1\right)}-{2\over q}\sum_{j=1}^m{1\over j}.\nonumber \]
    3. Conclude from (a) and (b) that if \(\gamma_q\ne0\) then \[y_1=x^{r_1}\sum_{m=0}^\infty {(-1)^m\over(m!)^2}\left(\gamma_q\over q^2\alpha_0\right)^mx^{qm}\nonumber \] and \[y_2=y_1\ln x-{2\over q}x^{r_1}\sum_{m=1}^\infty {(-1)^m\over(m!)^2}\left(\gamma_q\over q^2\alpha_0\right)^m\left(\sum_{j=1}^m{1\over j}\right)x^{qm}\nonumber \] are solutions of \[\alpha_0x^2y''+\beta_0xy'+(\gamma_0+\gamma_qx^q)y=0.\nonumber \]

    56. The equation

    \[xy''+y'+xy=0\nonumber \]

    is Bessel’s equation of order zero. (See Exercise 7.5.53.) Find two linearly independent Frobenius solutions of this equation.

    57. Suppose the assumptions of Exercise 7.5.53 hold, except that

    \[p_0(r)=\alpha_0(r-r_1)^2.\nonumber \]

    Show that

    \[y_1={x^{r_1}\over\alpha_0+\alpha_1x+\alpha_2x^2}\quad\mbox{ and }\quad y_2={x^{r_1}\ln x\over\alpha_0+\alpha_1x+\alpha_2x^2}\nonumber \]

    are linearly independent Frobenius solutions of

    \[x^2(\alpha_0+\alpha_1x+\alpha_2 x^2)y''+x(\beta_0+\beta_1x+\beta_2x^2)y'+ (\gamma_0+\gamma_1x+\gamma_2x^2)y=0\nonumber \]

    on any interval \((0,\rho)\) on which \(\alpha_0+\alpha_1x+\alpha_2x^2\) has no zeros.

    Q7.6.8

    58. \(4x^2(1+x)y''+8x^2y'+(1+x)y=0\)

    59. \(9x^2(3+x)y''+3x(3+7x)y'+(3+4x)y=0\)

    60. \(x^2(2-x^2)y''-x(2+3x^2)y'+(2-x^2)y=0\)

    61. \(16x^2(1+x^2)y''+8x(1+9x^2)y'+(1+49x^2)y=0\)

    62. \(x^2(4+3x)y''-x(4-3x)y'+4y=0\)

    63. \(4x^2(1+3x+x^2)y''+8x^2(3+2x)y'+(1+3x+9x^2)y=0\)

    64. \(x^2(1-x)^2y''-x(1+2x-3x^2)y'+(1+x^2)y=0\)

    65. \(9x^2(1+x+x^2)y''+3x(1+7x+13x^2)y'+(1+4x+25x^2)y=0\)

    Q7.6.9

    66.

    1. Let \(L\) and \(y(x,r)\) be as in Exercises 7.5.57 and 7.5.58. Extend Theorem 7.6.1 by showing that \[L\left({\partial y\over \partial r}(x,r)\right)=p'_0(r)x^r+x^rp_0(r)\ln x.\nonumber \]
    2. Show that if \[p_0(r)=\alpha_0(r-r_1)^2\nonumber \] then \[y_1=y(x,r_1) \quad \text{and} \quad y_2={\partial y\over\partial r}(x,r_1)\nonumber \] are solutions of \(Ly=0\).

    This page titled 7.6.1: The Method of Frobenius II (Exercises) is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by William F. Trench.

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