4.5: Set Operations with Two Sets
- Page ID
- 152045
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)After completing this section, you should be able to:
- Determine the intersection of two sets.
- Determine the union of two sets.
- Determine the cardinality of the union of two sets.
- Apply the concepts of AND and OR to set operations.
- Draw conclusions from Venn diagrams with two sets.
If we consider the set of Helen's children and the set of Frank's children, then the child they had together is the intersection of these two sets, and the collection of all their children combined is the union of these two sets. In this section, we will explore the operations of union and intersection as it relates to two sets.
The Intersection of Two Sets
The members that the two sets share in common are included in the intersection of two sets. To be in the intersection of two sets, an element must be in both the first set and the second set. In this way, the intersection of two sets is a logical AND statement. Symbolically, intersection is written as: . intersection is written in set builder notation as: .
Let us look at Helen's and Frank's children from the movie Yours, Mine, and Ours. Helen's children consist of the set and Frank's children are included in the set . intersection is the set of children they had together. , because Joseph is in both set and set .
Example 4.5.1
Finding the Intersection of Set and Set
Set and Find
- Answer
-
The intersection of sets and include the elements that set and have in common: 3, 5, and 7.
Your Turn 4.5.1
Notice that if sets and are disjoint sets, then they do not share any elements in common, and < is the empty set, as shown in the Venn diagram below.
Example 4.5.2
Determining the Intersection of Disjoint Sets
Set and set Find
- Answer
-
Because sets and are disjoint, they do not share any elements in common. So, the intersection of set and set is the empty set.
Your Turn 4.5.2
Notice that if set is a subset of set , then intersection is equal to set , as shown in the Venn diagram below.
Example 4.5.3
Finding the Intersection of a Set and a Subset
Set and set Find
- Answer
-
Because set is a subset of set , intersection is equal to set . the set of odd natural numbers.
Your Turn 4.5.3
The Union of Two Sets
Like the union of two families in marriage, the union of two sets includes all the members of the first set and all the members of the second set.
To be in the union of two sets, an element must be in the first set, the second set, or both. In this way, the union of two sets is a logical inclusive OR statement. Symbolically, union is written as: union is written in set builder notation as:
Let us consider the sets of Helen's and Frank's children from the movie Yours, Mine, and Ours again. Helen's children is set and Frank's children is set . The union of these two sets is the collection of all nineteen of their children,
Notice, Joseph is in both set and set , but he is only one child, so, he is only listed once in the union.
Example 4.5.4
Finding the Union of Sets and When and Overlap
Set and set . Find .
- Answer
-
union is the set formed by including all the unique elements in set , set , or both sets and : The first five elements of the union are the five unique elements in set . Even though 3, 5, and 7 are also members of set , these elements are only listed one time. Lastly, set includes the unique element 2, so 2 is also included as part of the union of sets and .
Your Turn 4.5.4
When observing the union of sets and , notice that both set and set are subsets of . Graphically, can be represented in several different ways depending on the members that they have in common. If and are disjoint sets, then would be represented with two disjoint circles within the universal set, as shown in the Venn diagram below.
If sets and share some, but not all, members in common, then the Venn diagram is drawn as two separate circles that overlap.
If every member of set is also a member of set , then is a subset of set , and would be equal to set . To draw the Venn diagram, the circle representing set should be completely enclosed in the circle containing set .
Example 4.5.5
Finding the Union of Sets and When and Are Disjoint
Set and set Find
- Answer
-
Because sets and are disjoint, the union is simply the set containing all the elements in both set and set .
Your Turn 4.5.5
Example 4.5.6
Finding the Union of Sets and When One Set is a Subset of the Other
Set and set Find
- Answer
-
Because set is a subset of set , union is equal to set .
Your Turn 4.5.6
Video
The Basics of Intersection of Sets, Union of Sets and Venn Diagrams
Let's think back to our example of the children from the movie Yours, Mine, and Ours. We had , since Helen had 9 children. We had , since Frank had 11 children. What was ? You may be tempted to guess that it was . But was actually 19. Remember that the child Helen and Frank had together (Joseph) is included in set and set , but he should only be counted once in . We generalize this result in the formula below.
For any sets A and B,
Example 4.5.7
Determining the Cardinality of the Union of Two Sets
The number of elements in set is 10, the number of elements in set is 20, and the number of elements in intersection is 4. Find the number of elements in .
- Answer
-
Using the formula for determining the cardinality of the union of two sets, we can say
Your Turn 4.5.7
Example 4.5.8
Determining the Cardinality of the Union of Two Disjoint Sets
If and are disjoint sets and the cardinality of set is 37 and the cardinality of set is 43, find the cardinality of .
- Answer
-
To find the cardinality of union , apply the formula, Because sets and are disjoint, is the empty set, therefore and
Your Turn 4.5.8
Applying Concepts of “AND” and “OR” to Set Operations
To become a licensed driver, you must pass some form of written test and a road test, along with several other requirements depending on your age. To keep this example simple, let us focus on the road test and the written test. If you pass the written test but fail the road test, you will not receive your license. If you fail the written test, you will not be allowed to take the road test and you will not receive a license to drive. To receive a driver's license, you must pass the written test AND the road test. For an “AND” statement to be true, both conditions that make up the statement must be true. Similarly, the intersection of two sets and is the set of elements that are in both set and set . To be a member of , an element must be in set and also must be in set . The intersection of two sets corresponds to a logical "AND" statement.
The union of two sets is a logical inclusive "OR" statement. Say you are at a birthday party and the host offers Leah, Lenny, Maya, and you some cake or ice cream for dessert. Leah asks for cake, Lenny accepts both cake and ice cream, Maya turns down both, and you choose only ice cream. Leah, Lenny, and you are all having dessert. The “OR” statement is true if at least one of the components is true. Maya is the only one who did not have cake or ice cream; therefore, she did not have dessert and the “OR” statement is false. To be in the union of two sets and , an element must be in set or set or both set and set .
Example 4.5.9
Applying the "AND" or "OR" Operation
and
Find the set consisting of elements in:
- Answer
-
- because only the elements 0 and 12 are members of both set and set .
- because the set or is the collection of all elements in set or set , or both.
- because the set or is the collection of all elements in set or set , or both.
- Parentheses are evaluated first: because the only member that both set and set share in common is 8. So, now we need to find Because the word translates to the union operation, the problem becomes which is equal to
Your Turn 4.5.9
Set A = {h, a, p, y}, set B = {a, w, e, s, o, m}, and set C = {m, a, t, h}.
Find the set consisting of elements in:
1. A or B
2. A and C
3. B or C
4. (A and C) and B
Example 4.5.10
Determine and Apply the Appropriate Set Operations to Solve the Problem
Don Woods is serving cake and ice cream at his Juneteenth celebration. The party has a total of 54 guests in attendance. Suppose 30 guests requested cake, 20 guests asked for ice cream, and 12 guests did not have either cake or ice cream.
- How many guests had cake or ice cream?
- How many guests had cake and ice cream?
- Answer
-
- The total number of people at the party is 54, and 12 people did not have cake or ice cream. Recall that the total number of elements in the universal set is always equal to the number of elements in a subset plus the number of elements in the complement of the set, That means , or equivalently, A total of 42 people at the party had cake or ice cream.
- To determine the number of people who had both cake and ice cream, we need to find the intersection of the set of people who had cake and the set of people who had ice cream. From Question 1, the number of people who had cake or ice cream is 42. This is the union of the two sets. The formula for the union of two sets is Use the information given in the problem and substitute the known values into the formula to solve for the number of people in the intersection: Adding 30 and 20, the equation simplifies to Which means
Your Turn 4.5.10
Who Knew?
The Real Inventor of the Venn Diagram
John Venn, in his writings, references works by both John Boole and Augustus De Morgan, who referred to the circle diagrams commonly used to present logical relationships as Euler's circles. Leonhard Euler's works were published over 100 years prior to Venn's, and Euler may have been influenced by the works of Gottfried Leibniz.
So, why does John Venn get all the credit for these graphical depictions? Venn was the first to formalize the use of these diagrams in his book Symbolic Logic, published in 1881. Further, he made significant improvements in their design, including shading to highlight the region of interest. The mathematician C.L. Dodgson, also known as Lewis Carroll, built upon Venn’s work by adding an enclosing universal set.
Invention is not necessarily coming up with an initial idea. It is about seeing the potential of an idea and applying it to a new situation.
References:
Margaret E. Baron. "A Note on the Historical Development of Logic Diagrams: Leibniz, Euler and Venn." The Mathematical Gazette, vol. 53, no. 384, 1969, pp. 113-125. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3614533. Accessed 15 July 2021.
Deborah Bennett. "Drawing Logical Conclusions." Math Horizons, vol. 22, no. 3, 2015, pp. 12-15. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.4169/mathhorizons.22.3.12. Accessed 15 July 2021.
Drawing Conclusions from a Venn Diagram with Two Sets
All Venn diagrams will display the relationships between the sets, such as subset, intersecting, and/or disjoint. In addition to displaying the relationship between the two sets, there are two main additional details that Venn diagrams can include: the individual members of the sets or the cardinality of each disjoint subset of the universal set.
A Venn diagram with two subsets will partition the universal set into 3 or 4 sections depending on whether they are disjoint or intersecting sets. Recall that the complement of set , written is the set of all elements in the universal set that are not in set
Example 4.5.11
Using a Venn Diagram to Draw Conclusions about Set Membership
- Find
- Find
- Find .
- Find
- Answer
-
- because is the collection of all elements in set or set or both.
- Because and are disjoint sets, there are no elements that are in both and . Therefore, is the empty set,
- The complement of set is the set of all elements in the universal set that are not in set :
- The cardinality, or number of elements in set
Your Turn 4.5.11
![A two-set Venn diagram intersecting one another is given. The first set is labeled A while the second set is labeled B. Set A shows 1, 9. Set B shows 2. The intersection of the sets shows 3, 5, 7. Outside the sets, 0, 4, 6 are given. Outside the Venn diagram, it is marked 'U equals (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).'](https://math.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/109271/CS_Figure_01_04_024.png?revision=1)
- Find
- Find
- Find
- Find
Example 4.5.12
Using a Venn Diagram to Draw Conclusions about Set Cardinality
In the Venn diagram below, the cardinality is listed in each section.
- Find
- Find
- Find
- Answer
-
- The number of elements in or is the number of elements in :
- The number of elements in and is the number of elements in :
- The number of elements in set is the sum of all the numbers enclosed in the circle representing set :
Your Turn 4.5.12
The Venn diagram below shows the cardinality of each set.
![A two-set Venn diagram not intersecting one another is given. The first set is labeled A while the second set is labeled B. Set A shows 23. Set B shows 17. Outside the sets, 10 is given. Outside the Venn diagram, it is marked U.](https://math.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/109275/CS_Figure_01_04_026.png?revision=1)
- Find n(A or B).
- Find n(A and B).
- Find n(A').