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2.2: Use a General Strategy to Solve Linear Equations

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    5125
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    Summary

    By the end of this section, you will be able to:

    • Use the commutative and associative properties
    • Use the properties of identity, inverse, and zero
    • Simplify expressions using the Distributive Property

    Before you get started, take this readiness quiz.

    1. Simplify: \(\frac{3}{2}(12x+20)\).
    2. Simplify: \(5−2(n+1)\).
    3. Find the LCD of \(\frac{5}{6}\) and \(\frac{1}{4}\).

    Solve Linear Equations Using a General Strategy

    Solving an equation is like discovering the answer to a puzzle. The purpose in solving an equation is to find the value or values of the variable that makes it a true statement. Any value of the variable that makes the equation true is called a solution to the equation. It is the answer to the puzzle!

    Solution OF AN EQUATION

    A solution of an equation is a value of a variable that makes a true statement when substituted into the equation.

    To determine whether a number is a solution to an equation, we substitute the value for the variable in the equation. If the resulting equation is a true statement, then the number is a solution of the equation.

    DETERMINE WHETHER A NUMBER IS A Solution TO AN EQUATION
    1. Substitute the number for the variable in the equation.
    2. Simplify the expressions on both sides of the equation.
    3. Determine whether the resulting equation is true.
      • If it is true, the number is a solution.
      • If it is not true, the number is not a solution.
    Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)

    Determine whether the values are solutions to the equation: \(5y+3=10y−4\).

    1. \(y=\frac{3}{5}\)
    2. \(y=\frac{7}{5}\)
    Solution

    Since a solution to an equation is a value of the variable that makes the equation true, begin by substituting the value of the solution for the variable.

    a.

      \(5 y+3=10 y-4\)
    Substitute \(\color{rec}\frac{3}{5}\) for \(y\) \(5\left( \color{red} \frac{3}{5} \color{black}\right)+3 \stackrel{?}{=} 10\left( \color{red}\frac{3}{5} \color{black}\right)-4\)
    Multiply. \(3+3\stackrel{?}{=} 6-4\)
    Simplify. \(6 \neq 2\)

    Since \(y=\frac{3}{5}\) does not result in a true equation, \(y=\frac{3}{5}\) is not a solution to the equation \(5y+3=10y−4.\)

    b.

      \(5 y+3=10 y-4\)
    Substitute \(\color{red} \frac{7}{5}\) for \(y\) \(5\left(\color{red} \frac{7}{5} \color{black}\right)+3 \stackrel{?}{=} 10\left(\color{red}\frac{7}{5}\color{back}\right)-4\)
    Multiply. \(7+3 \stackrel{?}{=} 14-4\)
    Simplify. \(10=10 \checkmark\)

    Since \(y=\frac{7}{5}\) results in a true equation, \(y=\frac{7}{5}\) is a solution to the equation \(5y+3=10y−4.\)

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{1A}\)

    Determine whether the values are solutions to the equation: \(9y+2=6y+3.\)

    1. \(y=\frac{4}{3}\)
    2. \(y=\frac{1}{3}\)
    Answer a

    no

    Answer b

    yes

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{1B}\)

    Determine whether the values are solutions to the equation: \(4x−2=2x+1\).

    1. \(x=\frac{3}{2}\)
    2. \(x=−\frac{1}{2}\)
    Answer a

    yes

    Answer b

    no

    There are many types of equations that we will learn to solve. In this section we will focus on a linear equation.

    LINEAR EQUATION

    A linear equation is an equation in one variable that can be written, where \(a\) and \(b\) are real numbers and \(a≠0\), as:

    \[ax+b=0\]

    To solve a linear equation it is a good idea to have an overall strategy that can be used to solve any linear equation. In the next example, we will give the steps of a general strategy for solving any linear equation. Simplifying each side of the equation as much as possible first makes the rest of the steps easier.

    EXAMPLE \(\PageIndex{2}\)

    Solve: \(7(n−3)−8=−15\)

    Answer

    In step 1, simplify each side of the equation as much as possible.  We use the distributive property on the left side to obtain, 7n - 29 = -15. In Step 2, collect all variable terms on one side of the equation.  Here all the n's are on the left side, so there is nothing to do. In step 3, collect constant terms on the other side of the equation.  Here we add 29 to both sides to obtain 7n = 14. In Step 4, make the coefficient of the variable term equal to 1.  Here we divide each side by 7 and simplify to get n equal to 2. In step 5, we check the solution, n = 2, in the equation.

    Solve: \(2(m−4)+3=−1.\)

    Answer

    \(m=2\)

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{2B}\)

    Solve: \(5(a−3)+5=−10.\)

    Answer

    \(a=0\)

    These steps are summarized in the General Strategy for Solving Linear Equations below.

    SOLVE LINEAR EQUATIONS USING A GENERAL STRATEGY
    1. Simplify each side of the equation as much as possible.
      Use the Distributive Property to remove any parentheses.
      Combine like terms.
    2. Collect all the variable terms on one side of the equation.

      Use the Addition or Subtraction Property of Equality.

    3. Collect all the constant terms on the other side of the equation.

      Use the Addition or Subtraction Property of Equality.

    4. Make the coefficient of the variable term equal to 1.

      Use the Multiplication or Division Property of Equality.

      State the solution to the equation.

    5. Check the solution.

      Substitute the solution into the original equation to make sure the result is a true statement.

    EXAMPLE \(\PageIndex{3}\)

    Solve: \(\frac{2}{3}(3m−6)=5−m\).

    Answer
      \(\frac{2}{3}(3 m-6)=5-m\)
    Distribute. \(2 m-4=5-m\)
    Add \(m\) to both sides to get the variables only on the left. alt
    Simplify. \(3 m-4=5\)
    Add \(4\) to both sides to get constants only on the right. alt
    Simplify. \(3 m=9\)
    Divide both sides by three. alt
    Simplify. \(m=3\)
    Check: alt
    Let \(m=3\). alt
      alt
      alt
      alt
    Exercise \(\PageIndex{3A}\)

    Solve: \(\frac{1}{3}(6u+3)=7−u\).

    Answer

    \(u=2\)

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{3B}\)

    Solve: \(\frac{2}{3}(9x−12)=8+2x\).

    Answer

    \(x=4\)

    We can solve equations by getting all the variable terms to either side of the equal sign. By collecting the variable terms on the side where the coefficient of the variable is larger, we avoid working with some negatives. This will be a good strategy when we solve inequalities later in this chapter. It also helps us prevent errors with negatives.

    EXAMPLE \(\PageIndex{4}\)

    Solve: \(4(x−1)−2=5(2x+3)+6\).

    Answer
      \(4(x-1)-2=5(2 x+3)+6\)
    Distribute.

    \(4 x-4-2=10 x+15+6\)

    Combine like terms. \(4 x-6=10 x+21\)
    Subtract \(4x\) from each side to get the variables only on the right since \(10>4\). \(4 x \color{red} -4 \color{black} x-6=10 x \color{red}-4 x \color{black}+21\)
    Simplify. \(-6=6 x+21\)
    Subtract \(21\) from each side to get the constants on left.

    \(-6 \color{red} -21 \color{black} =6 x+21 \color{red}-21\)

    Simplify. \(-27=6 x\)
    Divide both sides by \(6\). \(\frac{-27}{\color{red}6} \color{black}=\frac{6 x}{\color{red}6}\)
    Simplify. \(-\frac{9}{2}=x\)
    Check: \(4(x-1)-2=5(2 x+3)+6\)\)  
    Let \(x=−92\). alt  
      alt
      alt  
      alt  
      alt  
    Exercise \(\PageIndex{4A}\)

    Solve: \(6(p−3)−7=5(4p+3)−12.\)

    Answer

    \(p=−2\)

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{4B}\)

    Solve: \(8(q+1)−5=3(2q−4)−1.\)

    Answer

    \(q=−8\)

    EXAMPLE \(\PageIndex{5}\)

    Solve: \(10[3−8(2s−5)]=15(40−5s)\).

    Answer
      \(10[3-8(2 s-5)]=15(40-5 s)\)
    Simplify from the innermost parentheses first. \(10[3-16 s+40]=15(40-5 s)\)
    Combine like terms in the brackets. \(10[43-16 s]=15(40-5 s)\)
    Distribute. \(430-160 s=600-75 s\)
    Add \(160s\) to both sides to get the \(160s\) to both sides to get the variables to the right. alt
    Simplify. \(430=600+85 s\)
    Subtract \(600\) from both sides to get the constants to the left. alt
    Simplify. \(-170=85 s\)
    Divide both sides by \(85\). alt
    Simplify. \(-2=s,\) so \(s = -2\)
    Check: \(10[3-8(2 s-5)]=15(40-5 s)\)  
    Let \(s=−2\). alt  
      alt  
      alt  
      alt  
      alt  
      alt  
    Exercise \(\PageIndex{5A}\)

    Solve: \(6[4−2(7y−1)]=8(13−8y)\).

    Answer

    \(y=−\frac{17}{5}\)

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{5B}\)

    Solve: \(12[1−5(4z−1)]=3(24+11z).\)

    Answer

    \(z=0\)

    Classify Equations

    Whether or not an equation is true depends on the value of the variable. The equation \(7x+8=−13\) is true when we replace the variable, x, with the value \(−3\), but not true when we replace x with any other value. An equation like this is called a conditional equation. All the equations we have solved so far are conditional equations.

    CONDITIONAL EQUATION

    An equation that is true for one or more values of the variable and false for all other values of the variable is a conditional equation.

    Now let’s consider the equation \(7y+14=7(y+2)\). Do you recognize that the left side and the right side are equivalent? Let’s see what happens when we solve for y.

    Solve:

      \(7 y+14=7(y+2)\)
    Distribute. \(7 y+14=7 y+14\)
    Subtract \(7y\) to each side to get the \(y’\)s to one side. \(7 y \color{red}-7 y \color{black} +14=7 y \color{red} -7 y \color{black}+14\)
    Simplify—the \(y\)'s are eliminated. \(14=14\)
      But \(14=14\) is true.

    This means that the equation \(7y+14=7(y+2)\) is true for any value of \(y\). We say the solution to the equation is all of the real numbers. An equation that is true for any value of the variable is called an identity.

    IDENTITY

    An equation that is true for any value of the variable is called an identity.

    The solution of an identity is valid for all real numbers.

    What happens when we solve the equation \(−8z=−8z+9?\)

    Solve:

      \(-8 z=-8 z+9\)
    Add \(8z\) to both sides to leave the constant alone on the right. \(-8 z \color{red} +8 z \color{black}=-8 z \color{red}+8 z \color{black} +9\)
    Simplify—the \(z\)'s are eliminated. \(0 \neq 9\)
      But \(0≠9\).

    Solving the equation \(−8z=−8z+9\) led to the false statement \(0=9\). The equation \(−8z=−8z+9\) will not be true for any value of \(z\). It has no solution. An equation that has no solution, or that is false for all values of the variable, is called a contradiction.

    CONTRADICTION

    An equation that is false for all values of the variable is called a contradiction.

    A contradiction has no solution.

    The next few examples will ask us to classify an equation as conditional, an identity, or as a contradiction.

    EXAMPLE \(\PageIndex{6}\)

    Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution: \(6(2n−1)+3=2n−8+5(2n+1)\).

    Answer
      \(6(2 n-1)+3=2 n-8+5(2 n+1)\)
    Distribute. \(12 n-6+3=2 n-8+10 n+5\)
    Combine like terms. \(12 n-3=12 n-3\)
    Subtract \(12n\) from each side to get the \(n\)'s to one side. alt
    Simplify. \(-3=-3\)
    This is a true statement. The equation is an identity.
      The solution is all real numbers.
    Exercise \(\PageIndex{6A}\)

    Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution: \(4+9(3x−7)=−42x−13+23(3x−2).\)

    Answer

    identity; all real numbers

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{6B}\)

    Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution: \(8(1−3x)+15(2x+7)=2(x+50)+4(x+3)+1.\)

    Answer

    identity; all real numbers

    EXAMPLE \(\PageIndex{7}\)

    Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution: \(8+3(a−4)=0\).

    Answer
      \(8+3(a-4)=0\)
    Distribute. \(8+3 a-12=0\)
    Combine like terms. \(3 a-4=0\)
    Add \(4\) to both sides. \(3 a-4 \color{red}+4 \color{black}=0 \color{red}+4\)
    Simplify. \(3 a=4\)
    Divide. \(\frac{3 a}{\color{red}3} \color{black}=\frac{4}{\color{red}3}\)
    Simplify. \(a=\frac{4}{3}\)
    The equation is true when \(a=\frac{4}{3}\). This is a conditional equation.
     

    The solution is \(a=\frac{4}{3}\).

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{7A}\)

    Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution: \(11(q+3)−5=19\).

    Answer

    conditional equation; \(q=−\frac{9}{11}\)

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{7B}\)

    Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution: \(6+14(k−8)=95\).

    Answer

    conditional equation; \(k=\frac{201}{14}\)

    EXAMPLE \(\PageIndex{8}\)

    Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution: \(5m+3(9+3m)=2(7m−11)\).

    Answer
      \(5 m+3(9+3 m)=2(7 m-11)\)
    Distribute. \(5 m+27+9 m=14 m-22\)
    Combine like terms. \(14 m+27=14 m-22\)
    Subtract \(14m\) from both sides. \(14 m+27 \color{red}-14 m \color{black}=14 m-22 \color{red}-14 m\)
    Simplify. \(27 \neq-22\)
    But \(27≠−22\). The equation is a contradiction.
      It has no solution.

    Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution: \(12c+5(5+3c)=3(9c−4)\).

    Answer

    contradiction; no solution

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{8B}\)

    Classify the equation as a conditional equation, an identity, or a contradiction and then state the solution:\(4(7d+18)=13(3d−2)−11d\).

    Answer

    contradiction; no solution

    We summarize the methods for classifying equations in the table.

    Type of equation What happens when you solve it? Solution
    Conditional Equation True for one or more values of the variables and false for all other values One or more values
    Identity True for any value of the variable All real numbers
    Contradiction False for all values of the variable No solution

    Solve Equations with Fraction or Decimal Coefficients

    We could use the General Strategy to solve the next example. This method would work fine, but many students do not feel very confident when they see all those fractions. So, we are going to show an alternate method to solve equations with fractions. This alternate method eliminates the fractions.

    We will apply the Multiplication Property of Equality and multiply both sides of an equation by the least common denominator (LCD) of all the fractions in the equation. The result of this operation will be a new equation, equivalent to the first, but without fractions. This process is called clearing the equation of fractions.

    To clear an equation of decimals, we think of all the decimals in their fraction form and then find the LCD of those denominators.

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{9A}\)

    Solve: \(\frac{1}{12}x+\frac{5}{6}=\frac{3}{4}\).

    Answer

    In Step 1, find the LCD of all the fractions in the equation.  Here the LCD is 12. In Step 2, multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD, clearing the fractions.  Here we multiply both sides by 12 and simplify, clearing the fractions. In Step 3, solve using the General Strategy for solving linear equations.  To isolate the variable term, subtract 10 and simplify.  We get x equals negative 1.  Then we check it in the equation.

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{9B}\)

    Solve: \(\frac{1}{4}x+\frac{1}{2}=\frac{5}{8}\).

    Answer

    \(x=\frac{1}{2}\)

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{9C}\)

    Solve: \(\frac{1}{8}x+\frac{1}{2}=\frac{1}{4}\).

    Answer

    \(x=−2\)

    Notice in the previous example, once we cleared the equation of fractions, the equation was like those we solved earlier in this chapter. We changed the problem to one we already knew how to solve. We then used the General Strategy for Solving Linear Equations.

    SOLVE EQUATIONS WITH FRACTION OR DECIMAL COEFFICIENTS.
    1. Find the least common denominator (LCD) of all the fractions and decimals (in fraction form) in the equation.
    2. Multiply both sides of the equation by that LCD. This clears the fractions and decimals.
    3. Solve using the General Strategy for Solving Linear Equations.
    EXAMPLE \(\PageIndex{10}\)

    Solve: \(5=\frac{1}{2}y+\frac{2}{3}y−\frac{3}{4}y\).

    Answer

    We want to clear the fractions by multiplying both sides of the equation by the LCD of all the fractions in the equation.

    Find the LCD of all fractions in the equation. \(5=\frac{1}{2} y+\frac{2}{3} y-\frac{3}{4} y\)
    The LCD is \(12\).  
    Multiply both sides of the equation by \(12\). \(\color{red}12 \color{black}(5)=\color{red}12 \color{black} \cdot\left(\frac{1}{2} y+\frac{2}{3} y-\frac{3}{4} y\right)\)
    Distribute. \(12(5)=12 \cdot \frac{1}{2} y+12 \cdot \frac{2}{3} y-12 \cdot \frac{3}{4} y\)
    Simplify—notice, no more fractions. \(60=6 y+8 y-9 y\)
    Combine like terms. \(60=5 y\)
    Divide by five. \(\frac{60}{\color{red}5} \color{black}=\frac{5 y}{\color{red}5}\)
    Simplify. \(12=y\)
    Check: \(5=\frac{1}{2} y+\frac{2}{3} y-\frac{3}{4} y\)  
    Let \(y=12\). alt  
      alt  
      alt  
    Exercise \(\PageIndex{10A}\)

    Solve: \(7=\frac{1}{2}x+\frac{3}{4}x−\frac{2}{3}x\).

    Answer

    \(x=12\)

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{10B}\)

    Solve: \(−1=\frac{1}{2}u+\frac{1}{4}u−\frac{2}{3}u\).

    Answer

    \(u=−12\)

    In the next example, we’ll distribute before we clear the fractions.

    EXAMPLE \(\PageIndex{11}\)

    Solve: \(\frac{1}{2}(y−5)=\frac{1}{4}(y−1)\).

    Answer
      alt
    Distribute. alt
    Simplify. alt
    Multiply by the LCD, four. alt
    Distribute. alt
    Simplify. alt
    Collect the variables to the left. alt
    Simplify. alt
    Collect the constants to the right. alt
    Simplify. alt
    An alternate way to solve this equation is to clear the fractions without distributing first. If you multiply the factors correctly, this method will be easier.
      alt
    Multiply by the LCD, \(4\). alt
    Multiply four times the fractions. alt
    Distribute. alt
    Collect the variables to the left. alt
    Simplify. alt
    Collect the constants to the right. alt
    Simplify. alt
    Check: alt  
    Let \(y=9\). alt  
    Finish the check on your own.
    Exercise \(\PageIndex{11A}\)

    Solve: \(\frac{1}{5}(n+3)=\frac{1}{4}(n+2)\).

    Answer

    \(n=2\)

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{11B}\)

    Solve: \(\frac{1}{2}(m−3)=\frac{1}{4}(m−7)\).

    Answer

    \(m=−1\)

    When you multiply both sides of an equation by the LCD of the fractions, make sure you multiply each term by the LCD—even if it does not contain a fraction.

    EXAMPLE \(\PageIndex{12}\)

    Solve: \(\frac{4q+3}{2}+6=\frac{3q+5}{4}\)

    Answer
      \(\frac{4 q+3}{2}+6=\frac{3 q+5}{4}\)
    Multiply both sides by the LCD, \(4\). alt
    Distribute. alt
    Simplify. \(2(4 q+3)+24=3 q+5\)
      \(8 q+6+24=3 q+5\)
      \(8 q+30=3 q+5\)
    Collect the variables to the left. alt
    Simplify. \(5 q+30=5\)
    Collect the constants to the right. alt
    Simplify. \(5 q=-25\)
    Divide both sides by five. alt
    Simplify. \(q=-5\)
    Check: \(\frac{4 q+3}{2}+6=\frac{3 q+5}{4}\)  
    Let \(q=−5.\) alt  
    Finish the check on your own.  

    Solve: \(\frac{3r+5}{6}+1=\frac{4r+3}{3}\).

    Answer

    \(r=3\)

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{12B}\)

    Solve: \(\frac{2s+3}{2}+1=\frac{3s+2}{4}\).

    Answer

    \(s=−8\)

    Some equations have decimals in them. This kind of equation may occur when we solve problems dealing with money or percentages. But decimals can also be expressed as fractions. For example, \(0.7=\frac{7}{10}\) and \(0.29=\frac{29}{100}\). So, with an equation with decimals, we can use the same method we used to clear fractions—multiply both sides of the equation by the least common denominator.

    The next example uses an equation that is typical of the ones we will see in the money applications in a later section. Notice that we will clear all decimals by multiplying by the LCD of their fraction form.

    Solve: \(0.25x+0.05(x+3)=2.85\).

    Answer

    Look at the decimals and think of the equivalent fractions:

    \[0.25=\frac{25}{100}, \; \; \; \;\;\;\;\; 0.05=\frac{5}{100}, \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; 2.85=2\frac{85}{100}.\]

    Notice, the LCD is \(100\). By multiplying by the LCD we will clear the decimals from the equation.

      alt
    Distribute first. alt
    Combine like terms. alt
    To clear decimals, multiply by \(100\). alt
    Distribute. alt
    Subtract \(15\) from both sides. alt
    Simplify. alt
    Divide by \(30\). alt
    Simplify. alt
    Check it yourself by substituting \(x=9\) into the original equation.
    Exercise \(\PageIndex{13A}\)

    Solve: \(0.25n+0.05(n+5)=2.95.\)

    Answer

    \(n=9\)

    Exercise \(\PageIndex{13B}\)

    Solve: \(0.10d+0.05(d−5)=2.15.\)

    Answer

    \(d=16\)

    Key Concepts

    • How to determine whether a number is a solution to an equation
      1. Substitute the number in for the variable in the equation.
      2. Simplify the expressions on both sides of the equation.
      3. Determine whether the resulting equation is true.

        If it is true, the number is a solution.

        If it is not true, the number is not a solution.

    • How to Solve Linear Equations Using a General Strategy
      1. Simplify each side of the equation as much as possible.

        Use the Distributive Property to remove any parentheses.

        Combine like terms.

      2. Collect all the variable terms on one side of the equation.

        Use the Addition or Subtraction Property of Equality.

      3. Collect all the constant terms on the other side of the equation.

        Use the Addition or Subtraction Property of Equality.

      4. Make the coefficient of the variable term equal to 1.

        Use the Multiplication or Division Property of Equality.

        State the solution to the equation.

      5. Check the solution.

        Substitute the solution into the original equation to make sure the result is a true statement.

    • How to Solve Equations with Fraction or Decimal Coefficients
      1. Find the least common denominator (LCD) of all the fractions and decimals (in fraction form) in the equation.
      2. Multiply both sides of the equation by that LCD. This clears the fractions and decimals.
      3. Solve using the General Strategy for Solving Linear Equations.

    Glossary

    conditional equation
    An equation that is true for one or more values of the variable and false for all other values of the variable is a conditional equation.
    contradiction
    An equation that is false for all values of the variable is called a contradiction. A contradiction has no solution.
    identity
    An equation that is true for any value of the variable is called an Identity. The solution of an identity is all real numbers.
    linear equation
    A linear equation is an equation in one variable that can be written, where a and b are real numbers and \(a≠0\), as \(ax+b=0\).
    solution of an equation
    A solution of an equation is a value of a variable that makes a true statement when substituted into the equation.

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