2.S: Integers (Summary)

Key Terms

absolute value	A number's distance from 0 on the number line.
integers	Counting numbers, their opposites, and zero $$... –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 ...$$
negative number	A number less than zero.
opposites	The number that is the same distance from zero on the number line, but on the opposite side of zero.

Key Concepts

3.1 - Introduction to Integers

• Opposite Notation
  • −a means the opposite of the number a
  • The notation −a is read the opposite of a.
• Absolute Value Notation
  • The absolute value of a number n is written as |n|.
  • |n| ≥ 0 for all numbers.

3.2 - Add Integers

• Addition of Positive and Negative Integers

5 + 3	−5 + (−3)
both positive, sum positive	both negative, sum negative
When the signs are the same, the counters would be all the same color, so add them.
−5 + 3	5 + (−3)
different signs, more negatives	different signs, more positives
sum negative	sum positive
When the signs are different, some counters would make neutral pairs; subtract to see how many are left.

3.3 - Subtract Integers

• Subtraction of Integers

Table 3.110

5 – 3 = 2	–5 – (–3) = –2
2 positives	2 negatives
When there would be enough counters of the color to take away, subtract.
–5 – 3 =	5 – (–3) = 8
5 negatives, want to subtract 3 positives	5 positives, want to subtract 3 negatives
When there would not be enough of the counters to take away, add neutral pairs.

• Subtraction Property
  • a − b = a + (−b)
  • a − (−b) = a + b
• Solve Application Problems
  1. Identify what you are asked to find.
  2. Write a phrase that gives the information to find it.
  3. Translate the phrase to an expression.
  4. Simplify the expression.
  5. Answer the question with a complete sentence.

3.4 - Multiply and Divide Integers

• Multiplication of Signed Numbers
  • To determine the sign of the product of two signed numbers:

Same Signs	Product
Two positives	Positive
Two negatives	Positive

Different Signs	Product
Positive • negative	Negative
Negative • positive	Negative

• Division of Signed Numbers
  • To determine the sign of the quotient of two signed numbers:

Same Signs	Quotient
Two positives	Positive
Two negatives	Positive

Different Signs	Quotient
Positive & negative	Negative
Negative & positive	Negative

• Multiplication by −1
  • Multiplying a number by −1 gives its opposite: −1a = − a
• Division by −1
  • Dividing a number by −1 gives its opposite: a ÷ (−1) = −a

3.5 - Solve Equations Using Integers; The Division Property of Equality

• How to determine whether a number is a solution to an equation.
  1. Substitute the number for the variable in the equation.
  2. Simplify the expressions on both sides of the equation.
  3. Determine whether the resulting equation is true.
  • If it is true, the number is a solution.
  • If it is not true, the number is not a solution.
• Properties of Equalities

Subtraction Property of Equality	Addition Property of Equality	Division Property of Equality
For any numbers a, b, c, if a = b then a − c = b − c.	For any numbers a, b, c, if a = b then a + c = b + c.	For any numbers a, b, c, and c ≠ 0 If a = b, then $\dfrac{a}{c} = \dfrac{b}{c}$.

Contributors and Attributions