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Mathematics LibreTexts

8.10: Dividing Polynomials

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Dividing A Polynomial By A Monomial

The following examples illustrate how to divide a polynomial by a monomial. The division process is quite simple and is based on the addition of rational expressions.

ac+bc=a+bc

Turning this equation around we get

a+bc=ac+bc

Now we simply divide c into a, and c into b. This should suggest a rule.

Dividing a Polynomial By a Monomial

To divide a polynomial by a monomial, divide every term of the polynomial by the monomial.

Sample Set A

Example 8.10.1

3x2+x11x. Divide every term of 3x2+x11 by x.

3x2x+xx11x=3x+111x

Example 8.10.2

8x3+4a216a+92a2.Divideeverytermof\(8a3+4a216a+9 by 2a2.

Example 8.10.3

4b69b42b+54b2. Divide every term of 4b69b42b+5 by 4b2.

4b64b29b44b22b4b2+54b2=b4+94b2+12b54b2

Practice Set A

Perform the following divisions.

Practice Problem 8.10.1

2x2+x1x

Answer

2x+11x

Practice Problem 8.10.2

3x3+4x2+10x4x2

Answer

3x+4+10x4x2

Practice Problem 8.10.3

a2b+3ab2+2bab

Answer

a+3b+2a

Practice Problem 8.10.4

14x2y27xy7xy

Answer

2xy1

Practice Problem 8.10.5

10m3n2+15m2n320mn5m

Answer

2m2n23mn3+4n

The Process Of Division

In Section 8.3 we studied the method of reducing rational expressions. For example, we observed how to reduce an expression such as

x22x8x23x4

Our method was to factor both the numerator and denominator, then divide out common factors.

(x4)(x+2)(x4)(x+1)

(x4)(x+2)(x4)(x+1)

x+2x+1

When the numerator and denominator have no factors in common, the division may still occur, but the process is a little more involved than merely factoring. The method of dividing one polynomial by another is much the same as that of dividing one number by another. First, we’ll review the steps in dividing numbers.

358. We are to divide 35 by 8.

Long division showing eight dividing thirty five. This division is not performed completely. We try 4, since 32 divided by 8 is 4.

Long division showing eight dividing thirty five, with four at quotient's place. This division is not performed completely. Multiply 4 and 8

Long division showing eight dividing thirty five, with four at quotient's place. Thirty two is written under thirty five. This division is not performed completely Subtract 32 from 35

Long division showing eight dividing thirty five, with four at quotient's place. Thirty two is written under thirty five and three is written as the subtraction of thirty five and thirty two.Since the remainder 3 is less than the divisor 8, we are done with the 32 division.

438. The quotient is expressed as a mixed number.

The process was to divide, multiply, and subtract.

Review Of Subtraction Of Polynomials

A very important step in the process of dividing one polynomial by another is the subtraction of polynomials. Let’s review the process of subtraction by observing a few examples.

1. Subtract x2 from x5; that is, find (x5)(x2).

Since x2 is preceded by a minus sign, remove the parentheses, change the sign of each term, then add.

x5x5(x2)x+2_______=_______3

The result is 3

2. Subtract x3+3x2 from x3+4x2+x1.

Since x3+3x2 is preceded by a minus sign, remove the parentheses, change the sign of each term, then add.

x3+4x2+x1x3+4x2+x1(x3+3x2)x33x2_______________=_______________x2+x1

The result is x2+x1

3. Subtract x2+3x from x2+1

We can write x2+1 as x2+0x+1.

x2+1x2+0x+1x2+0x+1(x2+3x)(x2+3x)x23x____________=____________=____________3x+1

Dividing A Polynomial By A Polynomial

Now we’ll observe some examples of dividing one polynomial by another. The process is the same as the process used with whole numbers: divide, multiply, subtract, divide, multiply, subtract,....

The division, multiplication, and subtraction take place one term at a time. The process is concluded when the polynomial remainder is of lesser degree than the polynomial divisor.

Sample Set B

Perform the division.

Example 8.10.4

x5x2. We are to divide x5 by x2.

Long division showing x minus two dividing x minus five with the comment 'Divide x into x' on the right side. This division is not performed completely. See the longdesc for a full description.

13x2

Thus,

x5x2=13x2

Example 8.10.5

x3+4x2+x1x+3. We are to divide x3+4x2+x1 by x+3.

Long division showing x plus three dividing x cube plus four x square plus x minus one with the comment 'Divide x into x cube' on the right side. This division is not performed completely. See the longdesc for a full description

x2+x2+5x+3

Thus,

x3+4x2+x1x+3=x2+x2+5x+3

Practice Set B

Perform the following divisions.

Practice Problem 8.10.6

x+6x1

Answer

1+7x1

Practice Problem 8.10.7

x2+2x+5x+3

Answer

x1+8x+3

Practice Problem 8.10.8

x3+x2x2x+8

Answer

x27x+55442x+8

Practice Problem 8.10.9

x3+x23x+1x2+4x5

Answer

x3+14x14x2+4x5=x3+14x+5

Sample Set C

Example 8.10.6

Divide 2x34x+1 by x+6

2x34x+1x+6 Notice that the x2 term in the numerator is missing. We can avoid any confusion by writing

2x3+0x24x+1x+6 Divide, multiply, and subtract.

Steps of long division showing the quantity x plus six dividing the quantity two x cubed plus zero x squared minus four x minus plus one. See the longdesc for a full description

2x34x+1x+6=2x312x+68407x+6

Practice Set C

Perform the following divisions.

Practice Problem 8.10.10

x23x+2

Answer

x2+1x+2

Practice Problem 8.10.11

4x21x3

Answer

4x+12+35x3

Practice Problem 8.10.12

x3+2x+2x2

Answer

x2+2x+6+14x2

Practice Problem 8.10.13

6x3+5x212x+3

Answer

3x22x+3102x+3

Exercises

For the following problems, perform the divisions.

Exercise 8.10.1

6a+122

Answer

3a+6

Exercise 8.10.2

12b63

Exercise 8.10.3

8y44

Answer

2y+1

Exercise 8.10.4

21a93

Exercise 8.10.5

3x26x3

Answer

x(x2)

Exercise 8.10.6

4y22y2y

Exercise 8.10.7

9a2+3a2a

Answer

3a+1

Exercise 8.10.8

20x2+10x5x

Exercise 8.10.9

6x3+2x2+8x2x

Answer

3x2+x+4

Exercise 8.10.10

26y3+13y2+39y13y

Exercise 8.10.11

a2b2+4a2b+6ab210abab

Answer

ab+4a+6b10

Exercise 8.10.12

7x3y+8x2y3+3xy44xyxy

Exercise 8.10.13

5x3y315x2y2+20xy5xy

Answer

x2y2+3xy4

Exercise 8.10.14

4a2b38ab4+12ab22ab2

Exercise 8.10.15

6a2y2+12a2y+18a224a2

Answer

14y2+12y+34

Exercise 8.10.16

3c3y3+99c3y412c3y53x3y3

Exercise 8.10.17

16ax220ax3+24ax46a4

Answer

8x210x3+12x43a3 or 12x410x3+8x23a2

Exercise 8.10.18

21ay318ay215ay6ay2

Exercise 8.10.19

14b2c2+21b328c37a2c3

Answer

2b23b3c+4ca2c

Exercise 8.10.20

30a2b435a2b325a25b3

Exercise 8.10.21

x+6x2

Answer

1+8x2

Exercise 8.10.22

y+7y+1

Exercise 8.10.23

x2x+4x+2

Answer

x3+10x+2

Exercise 8.10.24

x2+2x1x+1

Exercise 8.10.25

x2x+3x+1

Answer

x2+5x+1

Exercise 8.10.26

x2+5x+5x+5

Exercise 8.10.27

x22x+1

Answer

x11x+1

Exercise 8.10.28

a26a+2

Exercise 8.10.29

y2+4y+2

Answer

y2+8y+2

Exercise 8.10.30

x2+36x+6

Exercise 8.10.31

x31x+1

Answer

x2x+12x+1

Exercise 8.10.32

a38a+2

Exercise 8.10.33

x3+3x2+x2x2

Answer

x2+5x+11+20x2

Exercise 8.10.34

a3+2a2a+1a3

Exercise 8.10.35

x3+2x+1x3

Exercise 8.10.36

y3+2y2+4y+2

Answer

y2+y2+8y+2

Exercise 8.10.37

y3+5y23y1

Exercise 8.10.38

x3+3x2x+3

Answer

x2

Exercise 8.10.39

a2+2aa+2

Exercise 8.10.40

x2x6x22x3

Answer

1+1x+1

Exercise 8.10.41

a2+5a+4a2a2

Exercise 8.10.42

2y2+5y+3y23y4

Answer

2+11y4

Exercise 8.10.43

3a2+4a+23a+4

Exercise 8.10.44

6x2+8x13x+4

Answer

2x13x+4

Exercise 8.10.45

20y2+15y44y+3

Exercise 8.10.46

4x3+4x23x22x1

Answer

2x2+3x22x1

Exercise 8.10.47

9a318a28a13a2

Exercise 8.10.48

4x44x3+2x22x1x1

Answer

4x3+2x1x1

Exercise 8.10.49

3y4+9y32y26y+4y+3

Exercise 8.10.50

3y2+3y+5y2+y+1

Answer

3+2y2+y+1

Exercise 8.10.51

2a2+4a+1a2+2a+3

Exercise 8.10.52

8z64z58z4+8z3+3z214z2z3

Answer

4z5+4z4+2z3+7z2+12z+11+332z3

Exercise 8.10.53

9a7+15a6+4a53a4a3+12a2+a53a+1

Exercise 8.10.54

(2x5+5x41)÷(2x+5)

Answer

x412x+5

Exercise 8.10.55

(6a42a33a2+a+4)÷(3a1)

Exercises For Review

Exercise 8.10.56

Find the product. x2+2x8x292x+64x8

Answer

x+42(x3)

Exercise 8.10.57

Find the sum. x7x+5+x+4x2

Exercise 8.10.58

Solve the equation 1x+3+1x3=1x29

Answer

x=12

Exercise 8.10.59

When the same number is subtracted from both the numerator and denominator of dfrac310, the result is 18. What is teh number that is subtracted?

Exercise 8.10.60

Simplify 1x+54x225

Answer

x54


This page titled 8.10: Dividing Polynomials is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Denny Burzynski & Wade Ellis, Jr. (OpenStax CNX) .

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