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4.1: Addition and Scalar Multiplication in Rⁿ

  • Page ID
    1843
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    A simple but important property of \(n\)-vectors is that we can \(\textit {add}\) \(n\)-vectors and \(\textit {multiply}\) \(n\)-vectors by a scalar:

    Definition

    Given two \(n\)-vectors \(a\) and \(b\) whose components are given by

    $$a=\begin{pmatrix}a^{1} \\ \vdots \\ a^{n}\end{pmatrix} ~and ~b=\begin{pmatrix}b^{1} \\ \vdots \\ b^{n}\end{pmatrix}$$ their \(\textit{sum}\) is

    $$a+b := \begin{pmatrix} a^1+b^1 \\ \vdots \\ a^n+b^n\end{pmatrix}\, .$$

    Given a scalar \(\lambda\), the \(\textit{scalar multiple}\)

    $$\lambda a := \begin{pmatrix}\lambda a^{1} \\ \vdots \\ \lambda a^{n}\end{pmatrix}\, .\]

    $$a+b= \begin{pmatrix}5\\5\\5\\5\end{pmatrix} and 3a - 2b= \begin{pmatrix}-5\\0\\5\\10\end{pmatrix}\, .\]

    A special vector is the \(\textit{zero vector}\). All of its components are zero:

    $$0=\begin{pmatrix}0\\ \vdots \\ 0\end{pmatrix}\, .\]

    In Euclidean geometry---the study of \(\mathbb{R}^{n}\) with lengths and angles defined as in section 4.3---\(n\)-vectors are used to label points \(P\) and the zero vector labels the origin \(O\). In this sense, the zero vector is the only one with zero magnitude, and the only one which points in no particular direction.


    This page titled 4.1: Addition and Scalar Multiplication in Rⁿ is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by David Cherney, Tom Denton, & Andrew Waldron.

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