Table of limits
- Page ID
- 50911
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Properties of Limits
- Let \(f(x)\) and \(g(x)\) be defined for all \(x≠a\) over some open interval containing a. Assume that L and M are real numbers such that \(\lim_{x→a}f(x)=L\) and \(\lim_{x→a}g(x)=M\). Let c be a constant. Then, each of the following statements holds:
Sum law for limits: \(\displaystyle \lim_{x→a}(f(x)+g(x))=\lim_{x→a}f(x)+\lim_{x→a}g(x)=L+M\)
Difference law for limits: \(\displaystyle \lim_{x→a}(f(x)−g(x))=\lim_{x→a}f(x)−\lim_{x→a}g(x)=L−M\)
Constant multiple law for limits: \(\displaystyle \lim_{x→a}cf(x)=c⋅\lim_{x→a}f(x)=cL\)
Product law for limits: \(\displaystyle \lim_{x→a}(f(x)⋅g(x))=\lim_{x→a}f(x)⋅\lim_{x→a}g(x)=L⋅M\)
Quotient law for limits: \(\displaystyle \lim_{x→a}\frac{f(x)}{g(x)}=\frac{\lim_{x→a}f(x)}{\lim_{x→a}g(x)}=\dfrac{L}{M}\) for M≠0
Power law for limits: \(\displaystyle \lim_{x→a}(f(x))^n=(\lim_{x→a}f(x))^n=L^n\) for every positive integer n.
Root law for limits: \(\displaystyle \lim_{x→a}\sqrt[n]{f(x)}=\lim_{x→a}\sqrt[n]{f(x)}=\sqrt[n]{L}\) for all L if n is odd and for \(L≥0\) if n is even.
Basic Limits
| \(\displaystyle \lim_{x→a}x=a\) | \(\displaystyle \lim_{x→a}c=c\), where \(c\) is a constant |
| \(\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0^+}\frac{1}{x}=+∞\) | \(\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0^-}\frac{1}{x}=-∞\) |
| \(\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0}\frac{1}{x^2}=+∞\) | \(\displaystyle \lim_{x \to a} p(x)=p(a)\), where \(p(x)\) is a polynomial function. |
| \(\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0^+}\frac{|x|}{x}=+1\) | \(\displaystyle \lim_{x \to 0^-}\frac{|x|}{x}=-1\) |
|
\(\displaystyle \lim_{x→±∞} k=k\), where \(k\) is a constant. |
\(\displaystyle \lim_{x→∞} x^n=\infty \), for all \(n \in \mathbb{N}\). |
| \(\displaystyle \lim_{x→-∞} x^n=\infty \), when \(n\) is even. | \(\displaystyle \lim_{x→∞} x^n= -\infty \), when \(n\) is odd. |
| \(\lim_{x→±∞}a_nx^n+a_{n−1}x^n−1+…+a^1x+a^0=\lim_{x→±∞}a_nx^n.\) | \(\lim_{x→±∞} \displaystyle \frac{1}{x^n}=0\), for all \(n \in \mathbb{N}\). |
Trigonometry limits
| \(\displaystyle \lim_{x\to 0}\frac{\sin x}{x}=1\) | \(\displaystyle\lim_{x \to 0}\sin(1/x)\) =DNE |
Contributors and Attributions
Gilbert Strang (MIT) and Edwin “Jed” Herman (Harvey Mudd) with many contributing authors. This content by OpenStax is licensed with a CC-BY-SA-NC 4.0 license. Download for free at http://cnx.org.
Pamini Thangarajah (Mount Royal University, Calgary, Alberta, Canada)