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4.6: Combining Polynomials Using Multiplication

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Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial

Multiplying a polynomial by a monomial is a direct application of the distributive property.

Distributive Property

The product of a monomial a and a binomial b plus c is equal to ab plus ac. This is the distributive property. In the expression, there are two arrows originating from the monomial, a, and pointing towards the terms b and c of the binomial.

The distributive property suggests the following rule.

Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial

To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, multiply every term of the polynomial by the monomial and then add the resulting products together.

Sample Set A

Example 4.6.1

3(x+9)=3x+39=3x+27

Example 4.6.2

6(x32x)=6(x3+(2x))=6x3+6(2x)=6x312x

Example 4.6.3

(x7)x=xx+x(7)=x27x

Example 4.6.4

8a2(3a45a3+a)=8a23a4+8a2(5a3)+8a2a=24a640a5+8a3

Example 4.6.5

4x2y7z(x6y+8y2z2)=4x2y7zx5y+4x2y7z8y2z2=4x7y8z+32x2y9z3

Example 4.6.6

10ab2c(125a2)=1250a3b2c

Example 4.6.7

(9x2z+4w)(5zw3)=9x2z5zw3+4w5zw3=45x2z2w3+20zw4=45x2w3z2+20w4z

Practice Set A

Determine the following products.

Practice Problem 4.6.1

3(x+8)

Answer

3x+24

Practice Problem 4.6.2

(2+a)4

Answer

4a+8

Practice Problem 4.6.3

(a22b+6)2a

Answer

2a34ab+12a

Practice Problem 4.6.4

8a2b3(2a+7b+3)

Answer

16a3b3+56a2b4+24a2b3

Practice Problem 4.6.5

4x(2x5+6x48x3x2+9x11)

Answer

8x6+24x532x44x3+36x244x

Practice Problem 4.6.6

(3a2b)(2ab2+4b3)

Answer

6a3b3+12a2b4

Practice Problem 4.6.7

5mn(m2n2+m+n0),n0

Answer

5m3n3+5m2n+5mn

Practice Problem 4.6.8

6.03(2.11a3+8.00a2b)

Answer

12.7233a3+48.24a2b

Simplifying +(a+b) and (a+b)

+(a+b) and (a+b)

Oftentimes, we will encounter multiplications of the form

+1(a+b) or 1(a+b)

These terms will actually appear as

+(a+b) and (a+b)

Using the distributive property, we can remove the parentheses.

Removal of a set of parentheses preceded by a plus sign using the distributive property. See the longdesc for a full description.

The parentheses have been removed and the sign of each term has remained the same.

Removal of a set of parentheses preceded by a minus sign using the distributive property. See the longdesc for a full description.

The parentheses have been removed and the sign of each term has been changed to its opposite.

  1. To remove a set of parentheses preceded by a "+" sign, simply remove the parentheses and leave the sign of each term the same.
  2. To remove a set of parentheses preceded by a “−” sign, remove the parentheses and change the sign of each term to its opposite sign.

Sample Set B

Simplify the expressions.

Example 4.6.8

(6x1).

This set of parentheses is preceded by a “+’’ sign (implied). We simply drop the parentheses.

(6x1)=6x1

Example 4.6.9

(14a26a3b2+ab4)=14a2b36a3b2+ab4

Example 4.6.10

(21a2+7a18)

This set of parentheses is preceded by a “” sign. We can drop the parentheses as long as we change the sign of every term inside the parentheses to its opposite sign.

(21a2+7a18)=21a27a+18

Example 4.6.11

(7y32y2+9y+1)=7y3+2y29y1

Practice Set B

Simplify by removing the parentheses.

Practice Problem 4.6.9

(2a+3b)

Answer

2a+3b

Practice Problem 4.6.10

(a26a+10)

Answer

a26a+10

Practice Problem 4.6.11

(x+2y)

Answer

x2y

Practice Problem 4.6.12

(5m2n)

Answer

5m+2n

Practice Problem 4.6.13

(3s27s+9)

Answer

3s2+7s9

Multiplying a Polynomial by a Polynomial

Since we can consider an expression enclosed within parentheses as a single quantity, we have, by the distributive property,

Finding the product of the binomials 'a plus b' and 'c plus d', using the distributive property. See the longdesc for a full description.

For convenience, we will use the commutative property of addition to write this expression so that the first two terms contain a and the second two contain b.

(a+b)(c+d)=ac+ad+bc+bd

This method is commonly called the FOIL method.

  • F: First Terms
  • O: Outer Terms
  • I: Inner Terms
  • L: Last Terms

(a+b)(2+3)=(a+b)+(a+b)2 terms +(a+b)+(a+b)+(a+b)3 terms 

Rearranging,

=a+a+b+b+a+a+a+b+b+b=2a+2b+3a+3b

Combining like terms,

=5a+5b

This use of the distributive property suggests the following rule.

Multiplying of a Polynomial by a Polynomial

To multiply two polynomials together, multiply every term of one polynomial by every term of the other polynomial.

Sample Set C

Perform the following multiplications and simplify.

Example 4.6.12

Finding the product of 'a plus six' and 'a plus three' using the FOIL method. See the longdesc for a full description.

With some practice, the second and third terms can be combined mentally.

Example 4.6.13

Finding the product of two binomials 'x plus y' and 'two x plus four y' using the FOIL method. See the longdesc for a full description.

Example 4.6.14

Finding the product of two polynomials 'x squared plus four' and 'x squared plus seven x plus two' using the FOIL method. See the longdesc for a full description.

Example 4.6.15

Finding the product of two binomials 'a minus four' and 'a minus three' using the FOIL method. See the longdesc for a full description.

Example 4.6.16

(m3)2=(m3)(m3)=mm+m(3)3m3(3)=m23m3m+9=m26m+9

Example 4.6.17

(x+5)3=(x+5)(x+5)(x+5) Associate the first two factors. =[(x+5)(x+5)](x+5)=[x2+5x+5x+25](x+5)=[x2+10x+25](x+5)=x2x+x25+10xx+10x5+25x+255=x3+5x2+10x2+50x+25x+125=x3+15x2+75x+125

Practice Set C

Find the following products and simplify.

Practice Problem 4.6.14

(a+1)(a+4)

Answer

a2+5a+4

Practice Problem 4.6.15

(m9)(m2)

Answer

m211m+18

Practice Problem 4.6.16

(2x+4)(x+5)

Answer

2x2+14x+20

Practice Problem 4.6.17

(x+y)(2x3y)

Answer

2x2xy3y2

Practice Problem 4.6.18

(3a21)(5a2+a)

Answer

15a4+3a35a2a

Practice Problem 4.6.19

(2x2y3+xy2)(5x3y2+x2y)

Answer

10x5y5+7x4y4+x3y3

Practice Problem 4.6.20

(a+3)(a2+3a+6)

Answer

a3+6a2+15a+18

Practice Problem 4.6.21

(a+4)(a+4)

Answer

a2+8a+16

Practice Problem 4.6.22

(r7)(r7)

Answer

r214r+49

Practice Problem 4.6.23

(x+6)2

Answer

x2+12x+36

Practice Problem 4.6.24

(y8)2

Answer

y216y+64

Sample Set D

Perform the following additions and subtractions.

Example 4.6.18

3x+7+(x3). We must first remove the parentheses. They are preceded by a "+" sign, so we remove them and leave the sign of each term the same.
3x+7+x3 Combine like terms.
4x+4

Example 4.6.19

5y3+11(12y32). We first remove the parentheses. They are preceded by a "" sign, so we remove them and change the sign of each term inside them.
5y3+1112y3+2 Combine like terms.
7y3+13

Example 4.6.20

Add 4x2+2x8 to 3x27x10

(4x2+2x8)+(3x27x10)4x2+2x8+3x27x107x25x18

Example 4.6.21

Subtract 8x25x+2 from 3x2+x12.

(3x2+x12)(8x25x+2)3x2+x128x2+5x25x2+6x14

Be very careful not to write this problem as:

3x2+x128x25x+2

This form has us subtracting only the very first term, 8x2, rather than the entire expression. Use parentheses.

Another incorrect form is:

8x25x+2(3x2+x12)

This form has us performing the subtraction in the wrong order.

Practice Set D

Perform the following additions and subtractions.

Practice Problem 4.6.25

6y2+2y1+(5y218)

Answer

11y2+2y19

Practice Problem 4.6.26

(9mn)(10m+12n)

Answer

m13n

Practice Problem 4.6.27

Add 2r2+4r1 to 3r2r7

Answer

5r2+3r8

Practice Problem 4.6.28

Subtract 4s3 from 7s+8.

Answer

Add texts here. Do not delete this text first.

Exercises

For the following problems, perform the multiplication and combine any like terms.

Exercise 4.6.1

7(x+6)

Answer

7x+42

Exercise 4.6.2

4(y+3)

Exercise 4.6.3

6(y+4)

Answer

6y+24

Exercise 4.6.4

8(m+7)

Exercise 4.6.5

5(a6)

Answer

5a30

Exercise 4.6.6

2(x10)

Exercise 4.6.7

3(4x+2)

Answer

12x+6

Exercise 4.6.8

6(3x+4)

Exercise 4.6.9

9(4y3)

Answer

36y27

Exercise 4.6.10

5(8m6)

Exercise 4.6.11

9(a+7)

Answer

9a63

Exercise 4.6.12

3(b+8)

Exercise 4.6.13

4(x+2)

Answer

4x8

Exercise 4.6.14

6(y+7)

Exercise 4.6.15

3(a6)

Answer

3a+18

Exercise 4.6.16

9(k7)

Exercise 4.6.17

5(2a+1)

Answer

10a5

Exercise 4.6.18

7(4x+2)

Exercise 4.6.19

3(10y6)

Answer

30y+18

Exercise 4.6.20

8(4y11)

Exercise 4.6.21

x(x+6)

Answer

x2+6x

Exercise 4.6.22

y(y+7)

Exercise 4.6.23

m(m4)

Answer

m24m

Exercise 4.6.24

k(k11)

Exercise 4.6.25

3x(x+2)

Answer

3x2+6x

Exercise 4.6.26

4y(y+7)

Exercise 4.6.27

6a(a5)

Answer

6a230a

Exercise 4.6.28

9x(x3)

Exercise 4.6.29

3x(5x+4)

Answer

15x2+12x

Exercise 4.6.30

4m(2m+7)

Exercise 4.6.31

2b(b1)

Answer

2b22b

Exercise 4.6.32

7a(a4)

Exercise 4.6.33

3x2(5x2+4)

Answer

15x4+12x2

Exercise 4.6.34

9y3(3y2+2)

Exercise 4.6.35

4a4(5a3+3a2+2a)

Answer

20a7+12a6+8a5

Exercise 4.6.36

2x4(6x35x22x+3)

Exercise 4.6.37

5x2(x+2)

Answer

5x310x2

Exercise 4.6.38

6y3(y+5)

Exercise 4.6.39

2x2y(3x2y26x)

Answer

6x4y312x3y

Exercise 4.6.40

8a3b2c(2ab3+3b)

Exercise 4.6.41

b5x2(2bx11)

Answer

2b6x311b5x2

Exercise 4.6.42

4x(3x26x+10)

Exercise 4.6.43

9y3(2y43y3+8y2+y6)

Answer

18y727y6+72y5+9y454y3

Exercise 4.6.44

a2b3(6ab4+5ab38b2+7b2)

Exercise 4.6.45

(a+4)(a+2)

Answer

a2+6a+8

Exercise 4.6.46

(x+1)(x+7)

Exercise 4.6.47

(y+6)(y3)

Answer

y2+3y18

Exercise 4.6.48

(t+8)(t2)

Exercise 4.6.49

(i3)(i+5)

Answer

i2+2i15

Exercise 4.6.50

(xy)(2x+y)

Exercise 4.6.51

(3a1)(2a6)

Answer

6a220a+6

Exercise 4.6.52

(5a2)(6a8)

Exercise 4.6.53

(6y+11)(3y+10)

Answer

18y2+93y+110

Exercise 4.6.54

(2t+6)(3t+4)

Exercise 4.6.55

(4+x)(3x)

Answer

x2x+12

Exercise 4.6.56

(6+a)(4+a)

Exercise 4.6.57

(x2+2)(x+1)

Answer

x3+x2+2x+2

Exercise 4.6.58

(x2+5)(x+4)

Exercise 4.6.59

(3x25)(2x2+1)

Answer

6x47x25

Exercise 4.6.60

(4a2b32a)(5a2b3b)

Exercise 4.6.61

(6x3y4+6x)(2x2y3+5y)

Answer

12x5y7+30x3y5+12x3y3+30xy

Exercise 4.6.62

5(x7)(x3)

Exercise 4.6.63

4(a+1)(a8)

Answer

4a228a32

Exercise 4.6.64

a(a3)(a+5)

Exercise 4.6.65

x(x+1)(x+4)

Answer

x3+5x2+4x

Exercise 4.6.66

y3(y3)(y2)

Answer

y55y4+6y3

Exercise 4.6.67

2a2(a+4)(a+3)

Exercise 4.6.68

5y6(y+7)(y+1)

Answer

5y8+40y7+35y6

Exercise 4.6.69

ab2(a22b)(a+b4)

Exercise 4.6.70

x3y2(5x2y23)(2xy1)

Answer

10x6y55x5y46x4y3+3x3y2

Exercise 4.6.71

6(a2+5a+3)

Exercise 4.6.72

8(c3+5c+11)

Answer

8c3+40c+88

Exercise 4.6.73

3a2(2a310a24a+9)

Exercise 4.6.74

6a3b3(4a2b6+7ab8+2b10+14)

Answer

24a5b9+42a4b11+12a3b13+18a3b3

Exercise 4.6.75

(a4)(a2+a5)

Exercise 4.6.76

(x7)(x2+x3)

Answer

x36x210x+21

Exercise 4.6.77

(2x+1)(5x3+6x2+8)

Exercise 4.6.78

(7a2+2)(3a54a3a1)

Answer

21a722a515a37a22a2

Exercise 4.6.79

(x+y)(2x2+3xy+5y2)

Exercise 4.6.80

(2a+b)(5a2+4a2bb4)

Answer

10a3+8a3b+4a2b2+5a2bb28a4b2ab

Exercise 4.6.81

(x+3)2

Exercise 4.6.82

(x+1)2

Answer

x2+2x+1

Exercise 4.6.83

(x5)2

Exercise 4.6.84

(a+2)2

Answer

a2+4a+4

Exercise 4.6.85

(a9)2

Exercise 4.6.86

(3x5)2

Answer

9x2+30x25

Exercise 4.6.87

(8t+7)2

For the following problems, perform the indicated operations and combine like terms.

Exercise 4.6.88

3x2+5x2+(4x210x5)

Answer

7x25x7

Exercise 4.6.89

2x3+4x2+5x8+(x33x211x+1)

Exercise 4.6.90

5x12xy+4y2+(7x+7xy2y2)

Answer

2y25xy12x

Exercise 4.6.91

(6a23a+7)4a2+2a8

Exercise 4.6.92

(5x224x15)+x29x+14

Answer

6x233x1

Exercise 4.6.93

(3x37x2+2)+(x3+6)

Exercise 4.6.94

(9a2b3ab+12ab2)+ab2+2ab

Answer

9a2b+13ab2ab

Exercise 4.6.95

6x212x+(4x23x1)+4x210x4

Exercise 4.6.96

5a32a26+(4a311a2+2a)7a+8a3+20

Answer

17a311a27a6

Exercise 4.6.97

2xy15(5xy+4)

Exercise 4.6.98

Add 4x+6 to 8x15.

Answer

12x9

Exercise 4.6.99

Add 5y25y+1 to 9y2+4y2

Exercise 4.6.100

Add 3(x+6) to 4(x7)

Answer

7x10

Exercise 4.6.101

Add 2(x24) to 5(x2+3x1)

Exercise 4.6.102

Add four times 5x+2 to three times 2x1

Answer

26x+5

Exercise 4.6.103

Add five times 3x+2 to seven times 4x+3

Exercise 4.6.104

Add 4 times 9x+6 to 2 times 8x3.

Answer

20x18

Exercise 4.6.105

Subtract 6x210x+4 from 3x22x+5

Exercise 4.6.106

Subtract a216 from a216

Answer

0

Exercises for Review

Exercise 4.6.107

Simplify (15x2y45xy2)4

Exercise 4.6.108

Express the number 198,000 using scientific notation.

Answer

1.98×105

Exercise 4.6.109

How many 4a2x3's are there in 16a4x5?

Exercise 4.6.110

State the degree of the polynomial 4xy3+3x5y5x3y3, and write the numerical coefficient of each term.

Answer

Degree is 6; 4, 3, -5

Exercise 4.6.111

Simplify 3(4x5)+2(5x2)(x3).


This page titled 4.6: Combining Polynomials Using Multiplication is shared under a CC BY 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Denny Burzynski & Wade Ellis, Jr. (OpenStax CNX) .

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