2.7: Chapter 2 Exercises with Solutions

2.1 Exercises

In Exercises $\PageIndex{1}$-$\PageIndex{6}$, state the domain and range of the given relation.

Exercise $\PageIndex{1}$

R = {(1, 3),(2, 4),(3, 4)}

Answer

The domain is the set of all first coordinates = {1, 2, 3}. The range is the set of all second coordinates {3, 4} (note that in a set you do not list an object twice, so we only list 4 once).

Exercise $\PageIndex{2}$

R = {(1, 3),(2, 4),(2, 5)}

Exercise $\PageIndex{3}$

R = {(1, 4),(2, 5),(2, 6)}

Answer

The domain is the set of all first coordinates = {1, 2} (note that in a set you do not list an object twice, so we only list 2 once). The range is the set of all second coordinates {4, 5, 6}.

Exercise $\PageIndex{4}$

R = {(1, 5),(2, 4),(3, 6)}

Exercise $\PageIndex{5}$

Answer

Read off the x-coordinate of each point to get that the domain is {1, 2, 3}. Then read off the y-coordinates to get that the range is {1, 2, 3, 4}

Exercise $\PageIndex{6}$

In Exercises $\PageIndex{7}$-$\PageIndex{12}$, create a mapping diagram for the given relation and state whether or not it is a function.

Exercise $\PageIndex{7}$

The relation in Exercise $\PageIndex{1}$.

Answer

Create a mapping diagram for R.

Since no domain value is paired with two range values, this is a function (each x maps to a single y). Note that having two different domain values go to a single range value (2 and 3 both map to 4) is permissible for a function.

Exercise $\PageIndex{8}$

The relation in Exercise $\PageIndex{2}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{9}$

The relation in Exercise $\PageIndex{3}$.

Answer

Create a mapping diagram for R.

The number 2 is mapped to two different range values (one x maps to two y’s), so this is not a function.

Exercise $\PageIndex{10}$

The relation in Exercise $\PageIndex{4}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{11}$

The relation in Exercise $\PageIndex{5}$.

Answer

Create a mapping diagram for R.

The number 3 is mapped to two different range values (one x maps to two y’s), so this is not a function.

Exercise $\PageIndex{12}$

The relation in Exercise $\PageIndex{6}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{13}$

Given that g takes a real number and doubles it, then $g : x \rightarrow ?$.

Answer

Doubles means ’multiplies by 2,’ so $g : x \rightarrow 2x$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{14}$

Given that f takes a real number and divides it by 3, then $f : x \rightarrow ?$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{15}$

Given that g takes a real number and adds 3 to it, then $g : x \rightarrow ?$.

Answer

$g : x \rightarrow x + 3$

Exercise $\PageIndex{16}$

Given that h takes a real number and subtracts 4 from it, then $h : x \rightarrow ?$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{17}$

Given that g takes a real number, doubles it, then adds 5, then $g : x \rightarrow ?$

Answer

For an x put into g, g doubles it, giving 2x, and then adds five, resulting in 2x + 5. Therefore, $g : x \rightarrow 2x + 5$

Exercise $\PageIndex{18}$

Given that h takes a real number, subtracts 3 from it, then divides the result by 4, then $h : x \rightarrow ?$

Given that the function f is defined by the rule $h : x \rightarrow 3x − 5$, determine where the input number is mapped in Exercises $\PageIndex{19}$-$\PageIndex{22}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{19}$

$f : 3 \rightarrow ?$

Answer

Put 3 into f. This means, replace x with 3 and compute the output. $f : 3 \rightarrow 3(3) − 5 = 4$, so $f : 3 \rightarrow 4$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{20}$

$f : -5 \rightarrow ?$

Exercise $\PageIndex{21}$

$f : a \rightarrow ?$

Answer

Put a into f, just like you would a number. This means, replace x with a and compute the output. $f : a \rightarrow 3(a) − 5 = 3a − 5$, so $f : 3 \rightarrow 3a − 5$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{22}$

$f : 2a+3 \rightarrow ?$

Given that the function f is defined by the rule $f : x \rightarrow 4-5x$, determine where the input number is mapped in Exercises $\PageIndex{23}$-$\PageIndex{26}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{23}$

$f : 2 \rightarrow ?$

Answer

Put 2 into f by replacing x with it. $f : 2 \rightarrow 4 − 5(2) = −6$, so $f : 2 \rightarrow −6$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{24}$

$f : -3 \rightarrow ?$

Exercise $\PageIndex{25}$

$f : a \rightarrow ?$

Answer

Put a into f by replacing x with it, just as you would with a number. $f : a \rightarrow 4 − 5(a)$, so $f : 2 \rightarrow 4 − 5a$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{26}$

$f : 2a+11 \rightarrow ?$

Given that the function f is defined by the rule $f : x \rightarrow x^{2}-4x-6$, determine where the input number is mapped in Exercises $\PageIndex{27}$-$\PageIndex{30}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{27}$

$f : 1 \rightarrow ?$

Answer

Put 1 into f by replacing x with it. $f : 1 \rightarrow (1)2 − 4(1) − 6 = 1 − 4 − 6 = −9$, so $f : 1 \rightarrow −9$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{28}$

$f : -2 \rightarrow ?$

Exercise $\PageIndex{29}$

$f : -1 \rightarrow ?$

Answer

Put −1 into f by replacing x with it. $f : −1 \rightarrow (−1)2 −4(−1)−6 = 1+4−6 = −1$, so $f : 1 \rightarrow −1$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{30}$

$f : a \rightarrow ?$

Given that the function f is defined by the rule $f : x \rightarrow 3x-9$, determine where the input number is mapped in Exercises $\PageIndex{31}$-$\PageIndex{34}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{31}$

$f : a \rightarrow ?$

Answer

Put a into f by replacing x with it, just as you would with a number. $f : a \rightarrow 3a − 9$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{32}$

$f : a+1 \rightarrow ?$

Exercise $\PageIndex{33}$

$f : 2a-5 \rightarrow ?$

Answer

Put 2a − 5 into f by replacing x with it, just as you would with a number. We get $f : 2a − 5 \rightarrow 3(2a − 5) − 9 = 6a − 15 − 9 = 6a − 24$, so $f : 2a − 5 \rightarrow 6a − 24$

Exercise $\PageIndex{34}$

$f : a+h \rightarrow ?$

Given that the functions f and g are defined by the rules $f : x \rightarrow 2x+3$ and $g : x \rightarrow 4-x$, determine where the input number is mapped in Exercises $\PageIndex{35}$- $\PageIndex{38}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{35}$

$f : 2 \rightarrow ?$

Answer

Put 2 into f by replacing x with it. We get $f : 2 \rightarrow 2(2)+3 = 7$, so $f : 2 \rightarrow 7$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{36}$

$f : 2 \rightarrow ?$

Exercise $\PageIndex{37}$

$f : a+1 \rightarrow ?$

Answer

Put a + 1 into f by replacing x with it, just as you would with a number. We get $f : a + 1 \rightarrow 2(a + 1) + 3 = 2a + 2 + 3 = 2a + 5$, so $f : a + 1 \rightarrow 2a + 5$

Exercise $\PageIndex{38}$

$f : a-3 \rightarrow ?$

Exercise $\PageIndex{39}$

Given that g takes a real number and triples it, then g(x) = ?.

Answer

Triples means ’multiplies by 3,’ so g(x) = 3x

Exercise $\PageIndex{40}$

Given that f takes a real number and divides it by 5, then f(x) = ?.

Exercise $\PageIndex{41}$

Given that g takes a real number and subtracts it from 10, then g(x) = ?.

Answer

g takes an input x and subtracts it FROM 10, so g(x) = 10 − x.

Exercise $\PageIndex{42}$

Given that f takes a real number, multiplies it by 5 and then adds 4 to the result, then f(x) = ?.

Exercise $\PageIndex{43}$

Given that f takes a real number, doubles it, then subtracts the result from 11, then f(x) = ?.

Answer

f takes an input x, doubles it to get 2x, and takes this away FROM 11, getting 11 − 2x. Therefore, f(x) = 11 − 2x.

Exercise $\PageIndex{44}$

Given that h takes a real number, doubles it, adds 5, then takes the square root of the result, then h(x) = ?.

In Exercises $\PageIndex{45}$-$\PageIndex{54}$, evaluate the given function at the given value b.

Exercise $\PageIndex{45}$

f(x) = 12x + 2 for b = 6.

Answer

Substitute 6 for x in 12x + 2 and simplify to get 74: f(6) = 12(6) + 2 = 74.

Exercise $\PageIndex{46}$

f(x) = −11x − 4 for b = −3.

Exercise $\PageIndex{47}$

f(x) = −9x − 1 for b = −5.

Answer

Substitute −5 for x in −9x−1 and simplify to get 44: f(−5) = −9(−5)−1 = 44.

Exercise $\PageIndex{48}$

f(x) = 11x + 4 for b = −4.

Exercise $\PageIndex{49}$

f(x) = 4 for b = −12.

Answer

f is a constant function, so f(x) = 4 for all x. Therefore, f(−12) = 4.

Exercise $\PageIndex{50}$

f(x) = 7 for b = −7.

Exercise $\PageIndex{51}$

f(x) = 0 for b = −7.

Answer

f is a constant function, so f(x) = 0 for all x. Therefore, f(−7) = 0.

Exercise $\PageIndex{52}$

f(x) = 12x + 8 for b = −3.

Exercise $\PageIndex{53}$

f(x) = −9x + 3 for b = −1.

Answer

Substitute −1 for x in −9x+3 and simplify to get 12: f(−1) = −9(−1)+3 = 12

Exercise $\PageIndex{54}$

f(x) = 6x − 3 for b = 3.

In Exercises $\PageIndex{55}$-$\PageIndex{58}$, given that the function f is defined by the rule f(x) = 2x+ 7, determine where the input number is mapped.

Exercise $\PageIndex{55}$

f(a) = ?

Answer

Put a into f by replacing x with it, just as you would with a number. This yields f(a) = 2a + 7.

Exercise $\PageIndex{56}$

f(a + 1) = ?

Exercise $\PageIndex{57}$

f(3a − 2) = ?

Answer

Put 3a − 2 into f by replacing x with it, just as you would with a number. This yields f(3a − 2) = 2(3a − 2) + 7 = 6a − 4 + 7 = 6a + 3.

Exercise $\PageIndex{58}$

f(a + h) = ?

In Exercises $\PageIndex{59}$-$\PageIndex{62}$, given that the function g is defined by the rule g(x) = 3 − 2x, determine where the input number is mapped.

Exercise $\PageIndex{59}$

g(a) = ?

Answer

Put a into g by replacing x with it, just as you would with a number. This yields g(a) = 3 − 2a.

Exercise $\PageIndex{60}$

g(a + 3) = ?

Exercise $\PageIndex{61}$

g(2 − 5a) = ?

Answer

Put 2 − 5a into g by replacing x with it, just as you would with a number. This yields g(2 − 5a) = 3 − 2(2 − 5a) = 3 − 4 + 10a = −1 + 10a or 10a − 1.

Exercise $\PageIndex{62}$

g(a + h) = ?

Given that the functions f and g are defined by the rules f(x) = 1 − x and g(x) = 2x + 13, determine where the input number is mapped in Exercises $\PageIndex{63}$- $\PageIndex{66}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{63}$

f(a) = ?

Answer

Put a into f by replacing x with it, just as you would with a number. This yields f(a) = 1 − a.

Exercise $\PageIndex{64}$

g(a) = ?

Exercise $\PageIndex{65}$

f(a + 3) = ?

Answer

Put a + 3 into f by replacing x with it, just as you would with a number. This yields f(a + 3) = 1 − (a + 3) = 1 − a − 3 = −a − 2.

Exercise $\PageIndex{66}$

g(4 − a) = ?

Given that the functions f and g are defined by the rules f(x) = 3x + 4 and g(x) = 2x−5, determine where the input number is mapped in Exercises $\PageIndex{67}$-$\PageIndex{70}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{67}$

f(g(2)) = ?

Answer

First compute g(2) = 2(2) − 5 = −1. This means that f(g(2)) is really f(−1). Plugging −1 in for x into the function f, we get f(g(2)) = f(−1) = 3(−1) + 4 = −3 + 4 = 1.

Exercise $\PageIndex{68}$

g(f(2)) = ?

Exercise $\PageIndex{69}$

f(g(a)) = ?

Answer

First compute g(a) = 2a−5. This means that f(g(a)) is really f(2a−5). Plugging 2a − 5 in for x into the function f, we get f(g(a)) = f(2a − 5) = 3(2a − 5) + 4 = 6a − 15 + 4 = 6a − 11.

Exercise $\PageIndex{70}$

g(f(a)) = ?

Given that the functions f and g are defined by the rules f(x) = 2x − 9 and g(x) = 11, determine where the input number is mapped in Exercises $\PageIndex{71}$-$\PageIndex{74}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{71}$

f(g(2)) = ?

Answer

First compute g(2) = 11 (note that, no matter what you put into g, it outputs 11). This means that f(g(2)) is really f(11). Plugging 11 in for x into the function f, we get f(g(2)) = f(11) = 2(11) − 9 = 22 − 9 = 13.

Exercise $\PageIndex{72}$

g(f(2)) = ?

Exercise $\PageIndex{73}$

f(g(a)) = ?

Answer

First compute g(a) = 11 (note that, no matter what you put into g, it outputs 11). This means that f(g(a)) is really f(11). Plugging 11 in for x into the function f, we get f(g(2)) = f(11) = 2(11) − 9 = 22 − 9 = 13.

Exercise $\PageIndex{74}$

g(f(a)) = ?

Use set-builder notation to describe the domain of each of the functions defined in Exercises $\PageIndex{75}$-$\PageIndex{78}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{75}$

$f(x) = \dfrac{93}{x+98}$

Answer

An input of x = −98 would cause division by zero, so −98 is not in the domain. All other possible inputs are valid. The domain, in set-builder notation, is $\{x : x \neq −98\}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{76}$

$f(x) = \dfrac{54}{x+65}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{77}$

$f(x) = -\dfrac{87}{x-88}$

Answer

An input of x = 88 would cause division by zero, so 88 is not in the domain. All other possible inputs are valid. The domain, in set-builder notation, is $\{x : x \neq 88\}$..

Exercise $\PageIndex{78}$

$f(x) = -\dfrac{30}{x-52}$

Use set-builder and interval notation to describe the domain of the functions defined in Exercises $\PageIndex{79}$-$\PageIndex{82}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{79}$

$f(x) = \sqrt{x+69}$

Answer

The square root of a negative number is not defined as a real number. Thus, x + 69 must be greater than or equal to zero. Then $x + 69 geq 0$ implies that $x \geq −69$, so the domain is the interval $[−69,\infty)$, or in set-builder notation, $\{x : x \geq −69\}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{80}$

$f(x) = \sqrt{x+62}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{81}$

$f(x) = \sqrt{x-81}$

Answer

The square root of a negative number is not defined as a real number. Thus, x − 81 must be greater than or equal to zero. Then $x − 81 \geq 0$ implies that $x \geq 81$, so the domain is the interval $[81,\infty)$, or in set-builder notation, $\{x : x \geq 81\}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{82}$

$f(x) = \sqrt{x-98}$

Two integers are said to be relatively prime if their greatest common divisor is 1. For example, the greatest common divisor of 6 and 35 is 1, so 6 and 35 are relatively prime. On the other hand, the greatest common divisor of 14 and 21 is not 1 (it is 7), so 14 and 21 are not relatively prime. The Euler $\phi$-function is defined as follows:

• If n = 1, then $\phi (n) = 1$.

• If n > 1, then $\phi (n)$ is the number of positive integers less than n that are relatively prime to n. In Exercises $\PageIndex{83}$- $\PageIndex{84}$, evaluate the Euler $\phi$-function at the given input.

Exercise $\PageIndex{83}$

$\phi (12)$

Answer

1, 5, 7, and 11 are less than 12 and are each relatively prime to 12. Therefore, $\phi(12) = 4$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{84}$

$\phi (36)$

2.2 Exercises

Perform each of the following tasks for the functions defined by the equations in Exercises $\PageIndex{1}$-$\PageIndex{8}$.

i. Set up a table of points that satisfy the given equation. Please place this table of points next to your graph on your graph paper.

ii. Set up a coordinate system on a sheet of graph paper. Label and scale each axis, then plot each of the points from your table on your coordinate system.

iii. If you are confident that you “see” the shape of the graph, make a “leap of faith” and plot all pairs that satisfy the given equation by drawing a smooth curve (free-hand) on your coordinate system that contains all previously plotted points (use a ruler only if the graph of the equation is a line). If you are not confident that you “see” the shape of the graph, then add more points to your table, plot them on your coordinate system, and see if this helps. Continue this process until you “see” the shape of the graph and can fill in the rest of the points that satisfy the equation by drawing a smooth curve (or line) on your coordinate system.

Exercise $\PageIndex{1}$

$f(x) = 2x + 1$

Answer

Evaluate the function $f(x) = 2x + 1$ at −2, −1, 0, and 1.

$$\begin{array} {ccc} f(−2) &=& 2(−2) + 1 &=& −3 \\ f(−1) & = &2(−1) + 1 &=& −1 \\ f(0) &=& 2(0) + 1 &=& 1 \\ f(1) &=& 2(1) + 1 &=& 3 \end{array} \nonumber$$

Place these results in table (a) and plot them as shown in (b). There is enough evidence here to intuit that the graph of f is the line shown in (b).

x	$f(x) = 2x + 1$	(x, f(x))
-2	-3	(−2, −3)
-1	-1	(−1, −1)
0	1	(0,1)
1	3	(1,3)

(a)

Exercise $\PageIndex{2}$

$f(x) = 1 − x$

Exercise $\PageIndex{3}$

$f(x) = 3 − \dfrac{1}{2} x$

Answer

Evaluate the function f(x) = 3 − (1/2)x at x = −2, 0, 2, and 4.

$$f(−2) = 3 − (1/2)(−2) = 4 \\ f(0) = 3 − (1/2)(0) = 3 \\ f(2) = 3 − (1/2)(2) = 2 \\ f(4) = 3 − (1/2)(4) = 1 \nonumber$$

Place these results in table (a) and plot them as shown in (b). There is enough evidence here to intuit that the graph of f is the line shown in (b).

x	$f(x) = 3 - x/2$	(x, f(x))
-2	4	(−2, 4)
0	3	(0,3)
2	2	(2,2)
4	1	(4,1)

(a)

Exercise $\PageIndex{4}$

$f(x) = −1 + \dfrac{1}{2}x$

Exercise $\PageIndex{5}$

$f(x) = x^2 − 2$

Answer

Evaluate $f(x) = x^2 − 2$ at x = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, and 3.

$$f(−3) = (−3)^2 − 2 = 7 \\ f(−2) = (−2)^2 − 2 = 2 \\ f(−1) = (−1)^2 − 2 = −1 \\ f(0) = (0)^2 − 2 = −2 \\ f(1) = (1)^2 − 2 = −1 \\ f(2) = (2)^2 − 2 = 2 \\ f(3) = (3)^2 − 2 = 7 \nonumber$$

Place these results in table (a) and plot them as shown in (b). There is enough evidence here to intuit that the graph of f is the curve shown in (b).

x	$f(x) = x^2 − 2$	(x, f(x))
-3	7	(−3, 7)
-2	2	(-2,2)
-1	-1	(-1,-1)
0	-2	(0,-2)
1	-1	(1,-1)
2	2	(2,2)
3	7	(3,7)

(a)

Exercise $\PageIndex{6}$

$f(x) = 4 − x^{2}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{7}$

$f(x) = \dfrac{1}{2} x^{2} − 6$

Answer

Evaluate $f(x) = x^2/2 − 6$ at x = −4, −2, 0, 2, and 4.

$$f(−4) = (−4)^2/2 − 6 = 2 \\ f(−2) = (−2)^2/2 − 6 = −4 \\ f(0) = (0)^2/2 − 6 = −6 \\ f(2) = (2)^2/2 − 6 = −4 \\ f(4) = (4)^2/2 − 6 = 2 \nonumber$$

Place these results in table (a) and plot them as shown in (b). There is enough evidence here to intuit that the graph of f is the curve shown in (b).

x	$f(x) = x^2 − 2$	(x, f(x))
-4	2	(−4, 2)
-2	-4	(-2,-4)
0	-6	(0,-6)
2	-4	(2,-4)
4	2	(4,2)

(a)

Exercise $\PageIndex{8}$

$f(x) = 8-\dfrac{1}{2} x^2$

Perform each of the following tasks for the functions Exercises $\PageIndex{9}$-$\PageIndex{10}$.

i. Set up a coordinate system on a sheet of graph paper. Label and scale each axis.

ii. Use the table feature of your graphing calculator to evaluate the function at the given values of x. Record these results in a table next to your coordinate system on your graph paper.

iii. Plot the points in the table on your coordinate system then use them to draw the graph of the given function. Label the graph with its equation.

Exercise $\PageIndex{9}$

$f(x) = \sqrt{x − 4}$ at x = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.

Answer

Load the function $f(x) = \sqrt{x − 4}$ into Y1 as shown in (a). Select TBLSET, then highlight ASK for the independent variable and press ENTER (see (b)). It doesn’t matter what is entered for TblStart or ∆ Tbl. Select TABLE and enter the x-values 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, as shown in (c).

Plot the points in table (c) in (d). This is enough to intuit that the graph of f is the curve shown in (d).

Exercise $\PageIndex{10}$

$f(x) = \sqrt{4 − x}$ at x = −10, −8, −6, −4, −2, 0, 2, and 4.

In Exercises $\PageIndex{11}$-$\PageIndex{14}$, the graph of the given function is a parabola, a graph that has a “U-shape.” A parabola has only one turning point. For each exercise, perform the following tasks.

i. Load the equation into the Y= menu of your graphing calculator. Adjust the WINDOW parameters so that the “turning point” (actually called the vertex) is visible in the viewing window.

ii. Make a reasonable copy of the image in the viewing window on your homework paper. Draw all lines with a ruler (including the axes), but draw curves freehand. Label and scale each axis with xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax. Label the graph with its equation.

Exercise $\PageIndex{11}$

$f(x) = x^{2} − x − 30$

Answer

Load the function $f(x) = x^{2} − x − 30$ into Y1 as shown in (a). Adjust the WINDOW parameters as shown in (b). Push the GRAPH button to obtain the graph of f in (c).

Copy the image onto your homework as shown in (d).

Exercise $\PageIndex{12}$

$f(x) = 24 − 2x − x^2$

Exercise $\PageIndex{13}$

$f(x) = 11 + 10x − x^2$

Answer

Load the function $f(x) = 11 + 10x − x^2$ into Y1 as shown in (a). Adjust the WINDOW parameters as shown in (b). Push the GRAPH button to obtain the graph of f in (c).

Copy the image onto your homework as shown in (d).

Exercise $\PageIndex{14}$

$f(x) = x^2 + 11x − 12$

Each of the equations in Exercises $\PageIndex{15}$ - $\PageIndex{18}$ are called “cubic polynomials.” Each equation has been carefully chosen so that its graph has exactly two “turning points.” For each exercise, perform each of the following tasks. i. Load the equation into the Y= menu of your graphing calculator and adjust the WINDOW parameters so that both “turning points” are visible in the viewing window. ii. Make a reasonable copy of the graph in the viewing window on your homework paper. Label and scale each axis with xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax, then label the graph with its equation. Remember to draw all lines with a ruler.

Exercise $\PageIndex{15}$

$f(x) = x^3 − 2x^2 − 29x + 30$

Answer

Load the function $f(x) = x^3 − 2x^2 − 29x + 30$ into Y1 as shown in (a). Adjust the WINDOW parameters as shown in (b). Push the GRAPH button to obtain the graph of f in (c).

Copy the image onto your homework as shown in (d).

Exercise $\PageIndex{16}$

$f(x) = −x^3 + 2x^2 + 19x − 20$

Exercise $\PageIndex{17}$

$f(x) = x^3 + 8x^2 − 53x − 60$

Answer

Load the function $f(x) = x^3 + 8x^2 − 53x − 60$ into Y1 as shown in (a). Adjust the WINDOW parameters as shown in (b). Push the GRAPH button to obtain the graph of f in (c).

Copy the image onto your homework as shown in (d).

Exercise $\PageIndex{18}$

$f(x) = −x^3 + 16x^2 − 43x − 60$

Perform each of the following tasks for the equations in Exercises $\PageIndex{19}$-$\PageIndex{22}$.

i. Load the equation into the Y= menu. Adjust the WINDOW parameters until you think all important behavior (“turning points,” etc.) is visible in the viewing window. Note: This is more difficult than it sounds, particularly when we have no advance notion of what the graph might look like. However, experiment with several settings until you “discover” the settings that exhibit the most important behavior.

ii. Copy the image on the screen onto your homework paper. Label and scale each axis with xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax. Label the graph with its equation.

Exercise $\PageIndex{19}$

$f(x) = 2x^2 − x − 465$

Answer

Load the function $f(x) = 2x^2 − x − 465$ into Y1 as shown in (a). Adjust the WINDOW parameters as shown in (b). Push the GRAPH button to obtain the graph of f in (c).

Copy the image onto your homework as shown in (d).

Exercise $\PageIndex{20}$

$f(x) = x^3 − 24x^2 + 65x + 1050$

Exercise $\PageIndex{21}$

$f(x) = x^4 − 2x^3 − 168x^2 + 288x + 3456$

Answer

Load the function $f(x) = x^4 − 2x^3 − 168x^2 + 288x + 3456$ into Y1 as shown in (a). Adjust the WINDOW parameters as shown in (b). Push the GRAPH button to obtain the graph of f in (c).

Copy the image onto your homework as shown in (d)

Exercise $\PageIndex{22}$

$f(x) = −x^4 −3x^3 +141x^2 +523x− 660$

2.3 Exercises

For Exercises $\PageIndex{1}$-$\PageIndex{6}$, perform each of the following tasks.

i. Make a copy of the graph on a sheet of graph paper and apply the vertical line test.

ii. Write a complete sentence stating whether or not the graph represents a function. Explain the reason for your response.

Exercise $\PageIndex{1}$

Answer

Note that in the figure below a vertical line cuts the graph more than once. Therefore, the graph does not represent the graph of a function.

Exercise $\PageIndex{2}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{3}$

Answer

No vertical line cuts the graph more than once (see figure below). Therefore, the graph represents a function.

Exercise $\PageIndex{4}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{5}$

Answer

Note that in the figure below a vertical line cuts the graph more than once. Therefore, the graph does not represent the graph of a function.

Exercise $\PageIndex{6}$

In Exercises $\PageIndex{7}$-$\PageIndex{12}$, perform each of the following tasks.

i. Make an exact copy of the graph of the function f on a sheet of graph paper. Label and scale each axis. Remember to draw all lines with a ruler.

ii. Use the technique of Examples 3 and 4 in the narrative to evaluate the function at the given value. Draw and label the arrows as shown in Figures 4 and 5 in the narrative.

Exercise $\PageIndex{7}$

Use the graph of f to determine f(2).

Answer

Locate x = 2 on the x-axis (see figure below), draw a vertical arrow to the graph of f, then a horizontal arrow to the y-axis. Thus, f(2) = −1.

Exercise $\PageIndex{8}$

Use the graph of f to determine f(3).

Exercise $\PageIndex{9}$

Use the graph of f to determine f(−2).

Answer

Locate x = −2 on the x-axis (see figure below), draw a vertical arrow to the graph of f, then a horizontal arrow to the y-axis. Thus, f(−2) = 1.

Exercise $\PageIndex{10}$

Use the graph of f to determine f(1).

Exercise $\PageIndex{11}$

Use the graph of f to determine f(1).

Answer

Locate x = 1 on the x-axis (see figure below), draw a vertical arrow to the graph of f, then a horizontal arrow to the y-axis. Thus, f(1) = 3.

Exercise $\PageIndex{12}$

Use the graph of f to determine f(−2).

In Exercises $\PageIndex{13}$-$\PageIndex{18}$, perform each of the following tasks.

i. Make an exact copy of the graph of the function f on a sheet of graph paper. Label and scale each axis. Remember to draw all lines with a ruler.

ii. Use the technique of Example 5 in the narrative to find the value of x that maps onto the given value. Draw and label the arrows as shown in Figure 6 in the narrative.

Exercise $\PageIndex{13}$

Use the graph of f to solve the equation f(x) = −2.

Answer

Locate y = −2 on the y-axis (see figure below), draw a horizontal arrow to the graph of f, then a vertical arrow to the y-axis. Thus, the solution of f(x) = −2 is x = −3.

Exercise $\PageIndex{14}$

Use the graph of f to solve the equation f(x) = 1.

Exercise $\PageIndex{15}$

Use the graph of f to solve the equation f(x) = 2

Answer

Locate y = 2 on the y-axis (see figure below), draw a horizontal arrow to the graph of f, then a vertical arrow to the y-axis. Thus, the solution of f(x) = 2 is x = −2.

Exercise $\PageIndex{16}$

Use the graph of f to solve the equation f(x) = −2.

Exercise $\PageIndex{17}$

Use the graph of f to solve the equation f(x) = 2.

Answer

Locate y = 2 on the y-axis (see figure below), draw a horizontal arrow to the graph of f, then a vertical arrow to the y-axis. Thus, the solution of f(x) = 2 is x = −1.

Exercise $\PageIndex{18}$

Use the graph of f to solve the equation f(x) = −3.

In the Exercises $\PageIndex{19}$-$\PageIndex{22}$, perform each of the following tasks.

i. Make a copy of the graph of f on a sheet of graph paper. Label and scale each axis.

ii. Using a different colored pen or pencil, project each point on the graph of f onto the x-axis. Shade the resulting domain on the x-axis.

iii. Use both set-builder and interval notation to describe the domain.

Exercise $\PageIndex{19}$

Answer

To find the domain of the function, project the graph of f onto the x-axis. Note that all values of x that lie to the right of −3 lie in shadow and are hence in the domain of f. Therefore, the domain is best described with the notation $\{x : x > −3\} = (−3,\infty)$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{20}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{21}$

Answer

To find the domain of the function, project the graph of f onto the x-axis. Note that all values of x that lie to the left of 0 lie in shadow and are hence in the domain of f. Therefore, the domain is best described with the interval notation $\{x : x < 0\} = (−\infty, 0)$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{22}$

In Exercises $\PageIndex{23}$-$\PageIndex{26}$, perform each of the following tasks.

i. Make a copy of the graph of f on a sheet of graph paper. Label and scale each axis.

ii. Using a different colored pen or pencil, project each point on the graph of f onto the y-axis. Shade the resulting range on the y-axis. iii. Use both set-builder and interval notation to describe the range.

Exercise $\PageIndex{23}$

Answer

To find the range of the function, project the graph of f onto the y-axis. Note that all values of y that lie below 1 lie in shadow and are hence in the range of f. Therefore, the range is best described with the interval notation $\{y : y < 1\} = (−\infty, 1)$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{24}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{25}$

Answer

To find the range of the function, project the graph of f onto the y-axis. Note that all values of y that lie above −2 lie in shadow and are hence in the range of f. Therefore, the range is best described with the interval notation $\{y : y > −2\} = (−2,\infty)$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{26}$

In Exercises $\PageIndex{27}$-$\PageIndex{30}$, perform each of the following tasks.

i. Use your graphing calculator to draw the graph of the given function. Make a reasonably accurate copy of the image in your viewing screen on your homework paper. Label and scale each axis with the WINDOW parameters xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax. Label the graph with its equation.

ii. Using a colored pencil, project each point on the graph onto the x-axis; i.e., shade the domain on the x-axis. Use interval and set-builder notation to describe the domain.

iii. Use a purely algebraic technique, as demonstrated in Example 8 in the narrative, to find the domain. Compare this result with that found in part (ii).

iv. Using a different colored pencil, project each point on the graph onto the y-axis; i.e., shade the range on the y-axis. Use interval and set-builder notation to describe the range.

Exercise $\PageIndex{27}$

$f(x) = \sqrt{x + 5}$.

Answer

Load the function $f(x) = \sqrt{x + 5}$ into Y1 as shown in (a). Select 6:ZStandrd from the ZOOM menu to produce the graph in (b).

Copy the image in (b) onto your homework paper, then project the domain and range onto the x- and y-axes, as shown in (c) and (d), respectively.

To find the domain algebraically, note that you cannot take the square root of a negative number, so the expression under the radical in $f(x) = \sqrt{x + 5}$, namely x+5, must either be positive or zero (nonnegative). That is,

$$x + 5 \geq 0 \nonumber$$

or equivalently,

$$x\geq -5 \nonumber$$

Thus, the domain of f is Domain = $[−5,\infty)$, or in set-builder notation, Domain = ${x : x \geq −5}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{28}$

$f(x) = \sqrt{5-x}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{29}$

$f(x) = − \sqrt{4 − x}$.

Answer

Load the function $f(x) = − \sqrt{4 − x}$. into Y1 as shown in (a). Select 6:ZStandrd from the ZOOM menu to produce the graph in (b).

Copy the image in (b) onto your homework paper, then project the domain and range onto the x- and y-axes, as shown in (c) and (d), respectively.

To find the domain algebraically, note that you cannot take the square root of a negative number, so the expression under the radical in $f(x) = − \sqrt{4 − x}$, namely 4−x, must either be positive or zero (nonnegative). That is,

$$4-x\geq 0 \nonumber$$

or equivalently,

$$-x \geq -4 \\ x\leq 4 \nonumber$$

Thus, the domain of f is Domain = $(\infty, 4]$, or in set-builder notation, Domain = $\{x : x \leq 4\}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{30}$

$f(x) = − \sqrt{x + 4}$

2.4 Exercises

In Exercises $\PageIndex{1}$-$\PageIndex{6}$, you are given the definition of two functions f and g. Compare the functions, as in Example 1 of the narrative, at the given values of x.

Exercise $\PageIndex{1}$

f(x) = x+2, g(x) = 4−x at x = −3, 1, and 2.

Answer

We’re given that f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = 4 − x. At x = −3,

$$f(−3) = −3 + 2 = −1 \\ g(−3) = 4 − (−3) = 7 \nonumber$$

Therefore, f(−3) < g(−3). At x = 1,

$$f(1) = 1 + 2 = 3 \\ g(1) = 4 − 1 = 3. \nonumber$$

Therefore, f(1) = g(1). At x = 2,

$$f(2) = 2 + 2 = 4 \\ g(2) = 4 − 2 = 2. \nonumber$$

Therefore, f(2) > g(2).

Exercise $\PageIndex{2}$

f(x) = 2x − 3, g(x) = 3 − x at x = −4, 2, and 5.

Exercise $\PageIndex{3}$

f(x) = 3−x, g(x) = x+9 at x = −4, −3, and −2.

Answer

We’re given that f(x) = 3 − x and g(x) = x + 9. At x = −4,

$$f(−4) = 3 − (−4) = 7 \\ g(−4) = −4 + 9 = 5 \nonumber$$

Therefore, f(−4) > g(−4). At x = −3,

$$f(−3) = 3 − (−3) = 6 \\ g(−3) = −3 + 9 = 6 \nonumber$$

Therefore, f(−3) = g(−3). At x = −2,

$$f(−2) = 3 − (−2) = 5 \\ g(−2) = −2 + 9 = 7 \nonumber$$

Therefore, f(−2) < g(−2).

Exercise $\PageIndex{4}$

$f(x) = x^2$, g(x) = 4x + 5 at x = −2, 1, and 6.

Exercise $\PageIndex{5}$

$f(x) = x^2$, g(x) = −3x − 2 at x = −3, −1, and 0.

Answer

We’re given that $f(x) = x^2$ and g(x) = −3x − 2. At x = −3,

$$f(−3) = (−3)2 = 9 \\ g(−3) = −3(−3) − 2 = 7 \nonumber$$

Therefore, f(−3) > g(−3). At x = −1,

$$f(−1) = (−1)2 = 1 \\ g(−1) = −3(−1) − 2 = 1 \nonumber$$

Therefore, f(−1) = g(−1). At x = 0,

$$f(0) = (0)2 = 0 \\ g(0) = −3(0) − 2 = −2 \nonumber$$

Therefore, f(0) > g(0).

Exercise $\PageIndex{6}$

f(x) = |x|, g(x) = 4 − x at x = 1, 2, and 3.

In Exercises $\PageIndex{7}$-$\PageIndex{12}$, perform each of the following tasks. Remember to use a ruler to draw all lines.

i. Make an accurate copy of the image on graph paper (label each equation, label and scale each axis), drop a dashed vertical line through the point of intersection, then label and shade the solution of f(x) = g(x) on the x-axis.

ii. Make a second copy of the image on graph paper, drop a dashed, vertical line through the point of intersection, then label and shade the solution of f(x) > g(x) on the x-axis. Use set-builder and interval notation to describe your solution set.

iii. Make a third copy of the image on graph paper, drop a dashed, vertical line through the point of intersection, then label and shade the solution of f(x) < g(x) on the x-axis. Use setbuilder and interval notation to describe your solution set.

Exercise $\PageIndex{7}$

Answer

The graph of f intersects the graph of g at x = 3. The solution of f(x) = g(x) is x = 3.

The graph of f lies above the graph of g to the right of x = 3. The solution of f(x) > g(x) is $(3,\infty) = \{x : x > 3\}$.

The graph of f lies below the graph of g to the left of x = 3. The solution of f(x) < g(x) is $(−\infty, 3) = \{x : x < 3\}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{8}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{9}$

Answer

The graph of f intersects the graph of g at x = −2. The solution of f(x) = g(x) is x = −2.

The graph of f lies above the graph of g to the left of x = −2. The solution of f(x) > g(x) is $(−\infty, −2) = \{x : x < −2\}$.

The graph of f lies below the graph of g to the right of x = −2. The solution of f(x) < g(x) is \((−2,\infty) = {\x : x > −2\}\).

Exercise $\PageIndex{10}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{11}$

Answer

The graph of f intersects the graph of g at x = 3. The solution of f(x) = g(x) is x = 3.

The graph of f is above the graph of g to the right of x = 3. The solution of f(x) > g(x) is $(3,\infty) = \{x : x > 3\}$.

The graph of f is below the graph of g to the left of x = 3. The solution of f(x) < g(x) is $(−\infty, 3) = \{x : x < 3\}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{12}$

In Exercises $\PageIndex{13}$-$\PageIndex{16}$, perform each of the following tasks. Remember to use a ruler to draw all lines.

i. Make an accurate copy of the image on graph paper, drop dashed, vertical lines through the points of intersection, then label and shade the solution of $f(x) \geq g(x)$ on the x-axis. Use set-builder and interval notation to describe your solution set.

ii. Make a second copy of the image on graph paper, drop dashed, vertical lines through the points of intersection, then label and shade the solution of f(x) < g(x) on the x-axis. Use set-builder and interval notation to describe your solution set.

Exercise $\PageIndex{13}$

Answer

The graph of f intersects the graph of g at x = −3 and x = 3. The graph of f lies above the graph of g for values of x that lie between −3 and 3. Therefore, the solution of $f(x) \geq g(x)$ is $[−3, 3] = \{x : −3 \leq x \leq 3\}$.

The graph of f is below the graph of g for values of x that lie to the left of −3 or to the right of 3. Therefore, the solution of f(x) < g(x) is $(−\infty, −3) \cup (3,\infty)$ or $\{x : x < −3 or x > 3\}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{14}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{15}$

Answer

The graph of f intersects the graph of g at x = −2 and at x = 2. The graph of f lies above the graph of g for all values of x that lie to the left of −2 or to the right of 2. Therefore, the solution of $f(x) \geq g(x)$ is $(−\infty, −2] \cup [2,\infty)$ or $\{x : x \leq −2 or x \geq 2\}$.

The graph of f lies below the graph of g for values of x that lie between −2 and 2. Therefore, the solution of f(x) < g(x) is $(−2, 2) = \{x : −2 < x < 2\}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{16}$

In Exercises $\PageIndex{17}$-$\PageIndex{20}$, perform each of the following tasks. Remember to use a ruler to draw all lines.

i. Load each side of the equation into the Y= menu of your calculator. Adjust the WINDOW parameters so that the point of intersection of the graphs is visible in the viewing window. Use the intersect utility in the CALC menu of your calculator to determine the x-coordinate of the point of intersection.

ii. Make an accurate copy of the image in your viewing window on your homework paper. Label and scale each axis with xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax, and label each graph with its equation.

iii. Draw a dashed, vertical line through the point of intersection. Shade and label the solution of the equation on the x-axis.

Exercise $\PageIndex{17}$

1.23x − 4.56 = 3.46 − 2.3x

Answer

To solve the equation 1.23x − 4.56 = 3.46 − 2.3x graphically, start by loading the left- and right-hand sides of the equation into Y1 and Y2, respectively, as shown in (a). Use the intersect utility in the CALC menu to determine the point of intersection, as shown in (c).

Therefore, the solution of the equation is x = 2.2719547, which is shaded on the x-axis in the image that follows. Answers may vary due to roundoff error.

Exercise $\PageIndex{18}$

2.23x − 1.56 = 5.46 − 3.3x

Exercise $\PageIndex{19}$

5.46 − 1.3x = 2.2x − 5.66

Answer

To solve the equation 5.46 − 1.3x = 2.2x − 5.66 graphically, start by loading the left- and right-hand sides of the equation into Y1 and Y2, respectively, as shown in (a). Use the intersect utility in the CALC menu to determine the point of intersection, as shown in (c).

Therefore, the solution of the equation is x = 3.1771429, which is shaded on the x-axis in the image that follows. Answers may vary due to roundoff error.

Exercise $\PageIndex{20}$

2.46 − 1.4x = 1.2x − 2.66

In Exercises $\PageIndex{21}$-$\PageIndex{26}$, perform each of the following tasks. Remember to use a ruler to draw all lines.

i. Load each side of the inequality into the Y= menu of your calculator. Adjust the WINDOW parameters so that the point(s) of intersection of the graphs is visible in the viewing window. Use the intersect utility in the CALC menu of your calculator to determine the coordinates of the point(s) of intersection.

ii. Make an accurate copy of the image in your viewing window on your homework paper. Label and scale each axis with xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax, and label each graph with its equation.

iii. Draw a dashed, vertical line through the point(s) of intersection. Shade and label the solution of the inequality on the x-axis. Use both set-builder and interval notation to describe the solution set.

Exercise $\PageIndex{21}$

$1.6x + 1.23 \geq −2.3x − 4.2$

Answer

To solve the inequality $1.6x+1.23 \geq −2.3x−4.2$ graphically, start by loading the left- and right-hand sides of the inequality into Y1 and Y2, respectively, as shown in (a). Use the intersect utility in the CALC menu to determine the point of intersection, as shown in (c).

The two graphs intersect at x = −1.392308. The graph of y = 1.6x + 1.23 is above the graph of y = −2.3x−4.2 for all values of x that lie to the right of −1.392308. Therefore, the solution of $1.6x + 1.23 \geq −2.3x − 4.2$ is $[−1.392308,\infty) = \{x : x \geq −1.392308\}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{22}$

1.24x + 5.6 < 1.2 − 0.52x

Exercise $\PageIndex{23}$

0.15x − 0.23 > 8.2 − 0.6x

Answer

To solve the inequality 0.15x − 0.23 > 8.2 − 0.6x graphically, start by loading the left- and right-hand sides of the inequality into Y1 and Y2, respectively, as shown in (a). Adjust the viewing window as shown in (b). Use the intersect utility in the CALC menu to determine the point of intersection, as shown in (c).

The graph of y = 0.15x − 0.23 is above the graph of y = 8.2 − 0.6x for all values of x that lie to the right of 11.24. Therefore, the solution of 0.15x − 0.23 > 8.2 − 0.6x is $(11.24,\infty) = \{x : x > 11.24\}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{24}$

$−1.23x − 9.76 \leq 1.44x + 22.8$

Exercise $\PageIndex{25}$

$0.5x^2 − 5 < 1.23 − 0.75x$

Answer

To solve the inequality $0.5x^2 − 5 < 1.23 − 0.75x$ graphically, start by loading the left- and right-hand sides of the inequality into Y1 and Y2, respectively, as shown in (a). Use the intersect utility in the CALC menu to determine the points of intersection, as shown in (b) and (c).

The graph of y = 0.5x2−5 is below the graph of y = 1.23−0.75x for all values of x that lie between −4.35867 and 2.8586701. Therefore, the solution of $0.5x^2−5 < 1.23−0.75x$ is (−4.35867, 2.8586701) or {x : −4.35867 < x < 2.8586701}.

Exercise $\PageIndex{26}$

$4 − 0.5x^2 \leq 0.72x − 1.34$

In Exercises $\PageIndex{27}$-$\PageIndex{30}$, perform each of the following tasks. Remember to use a ruler to draw all lines.

i. Make an accurate copy of the image on graph paper (label the graph with the letter f and label and scale each axis), drop a dashed vertical line through the x-intercept of the graph of f, then label and shade the solution of f(x) = 0 on the x-axis. Use set-builder notation to describe your solution.

ii. Make a second copy of the image on graph paper, drop a dashed, vertical line through the x-intercept of the graph of f, then label and shade the solution of f(x) > 0 on the x-axis. Use set-builder and interval notation to describe your solution set.

iii. Make a third copy of the image on graph paper, drop a dashed, vertical line through the x-intercept of the graph of f, then label and shade the solution of f(x) < 0 on the x-axis. Use set-builder and interval notation to describe your solution set.

Exercise $\PageIndex{27}$

Answer

The graph of f intercepts the x-axis at x = −1. Therefore, the solution of f(x) = 0 is x = −1.

The graph of f lies above the x-axis for all values of x that lie to the right of −1. Therefore, the solution of f(x) > 0 is $(−1,\infty) = \{x : x > −1\}$.

The graph of f lies below the x-axis for all values of x that lie to the left of −1. Therefore, the solution of f(x) < 0 is $(−\infty, −1) = \{x : x < −1\}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{28}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{29}$

Answer

The graph of f intercepts the x-axis at x = 2. Therefore, the solution of f(x) = 0 is x = 2.

The graph of f lies above the x-axis for all values of x that lie to the left of x = 2. Therefore, the solution of f(x) > 0 is $(−\infty, 2) = \{x : x < 2\}$.

The graph of f lies below the x-axis for all values of x that lie to the right of x = 2. Therefore, the solution of f(x) < 0 is $(2,\infty) = \{x : x > 2\}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{30}$

In Exercises $\PageIndex{31}$-$\PageIndex{34}$, perform each of the following tasks. Remember to use a ruler to draw all lines.

i. Make an accurate copy of the image on graph paper, drop dashed, vertical lines through the x-intercepts, then label and shade the solution of $f(x) \geq 0$ on the x-axis. Use set-builder and interval notation to describe your solution set.

ii. Make a second copy of the image on graph paper, drop dashed, vertical lines through the x-intercepts, then label and shade the solution of f(x) < 0 on the x-axis. Use set-builder and interval notation to describe your solution set.

Exercise $\PageIndex{31}$

Answer

The graph of f intercepts the x-axis at x = −3 and x = 2. The graph of f lies above the x-axis for all values of x that lie between x = −3 and x = 2. Therefore, the solution of $f(x) \geq 0$ is $[−3, 2] = \{x : −3 \leq x \leq 2\}$.

The graph of f lies below the x-axis for all values of x that lie to the left of x = −3 or to the right of x = 2. Therefore, the solution of f(x) < 0 is $(−\infty, −3) \cup (2,\infty) = \{x : x < −3 or x > 2\}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{32}$

Exercise $\PageIndex{33}$

Answer

The graph of f intercepts the x-axis at x = −2 and x = 1. The graph of f lies above the x-axis for all values of x that lie to the left x = −2 or to the right of x = 1. Therefore, the solution of $f(x) \geq 0$ is $(−\infty, −2] \cup [1,\infty) = \{x : x \leq −2 or x \geq 1\}$.

The graph of f lies below the x-axis for all values of x that lie between x = −2 and x = 1. Therefore, the solution of f(x) < 0 is $(−2, 1) = \{x : −2 < x < 1\}$.

Exercise $\PageIndex{34}$

In Exercises $\PageIndex{35}$-$\PageIndex{38}$, perform each of the following tasks. Remember to use a ruler to draw all lines.

i. Load the given function f into the Y= menu of your calculator. Adjust the WINDOW parameters so that the x-intercept(s) of the graph of f is visible in the viewing window. Use the zero utility in the CALC menu of your calculator to determine the coordinates of the x-intercept(s) of the graph of f.

ii. Make an accurate copy of the image in your viewing window on your homework paper. Label and scale each axis with xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax, and label the graph with its equation.

iii. Draw a dashed, vertical line through the x-intercept(s). Shade and label the solution of the inequality f(x) > 0 on the x-axis. Use both set-builder and interval notation to describe the solution set.

Exercise $\PageIndex{35}$

f(x) = −1.25x + 3.58

Answer

To solve the inequality f(x) > 0 graphically, start by loading f(x) = −1.25x+3.58 into Y1. Use the zero utility in the CALC menu to determine the zero of f, as shown in (c).

The graph of f lies above the x-axis for all values of x that lie to the left of x = 2.864. Therefore, the solution of f(x) > 0 is $(−\infty, 2.864) = \{x : x < 2.864\}$. Answers may vary due to round-off error.

Exercise $\PageIndex{36}$

f(x) = 1.34x − 4.52

Exercise $\PageIndex{37}$

$f(x) = 1.25x^2 + 4x − 5.9125$

Answer

To solve the inequality f(x) > 0 graphically, start by loading $f(x) = 1.25x^2 + 4x − 5.9125$ into Y1. Use the zero utility in the CALC menu to determine the zeros of f, as shown in (b) and (c).

The graph of f lies above the x-axis for all values of x that lie to the left of x = −4.3 or to the right of x = 1.1. Therefore, the solution of f(x) > 0 is $(−\infty, −4.3) \cup (1.1,\infty)$ or $\{x : x < −4.3 or x > 1.1\}$. Answers may vary due to round-off error.

Exercise $\PageIndex{38}$

$f(x) = −1.32x^2 − 3.96x + 5.9532$

In Exercises $\PageIndex{39}$-$\PageIndex{42}$, perform each of the following tasks. Remember to use a ruler to draw all lines.

i. Load the given function f into the Y= menu of your calculator. Adjust the WINDOW parameters so that the x-intercept(s) of the graph of f is visible in the viewing window. Use the zero utility in the CALC menu of your calculator to determine the coordinates of the x-intercept(s) of the graph of f.

ii. Make an accurate copy of the image in your viewing window on your homework paper. Label and scale each axis with xmin, xmax, ymin, and ymax, and label the graph with its equation.

iii. Draw a dashed, vertical line through the x-intercept(s). Shade and label the solution of the inequality $f(x) \leq 0$ on the x-axis. Use both set-builder and interval notation to describe the solution set.

Exercise $\PageIndex{39}$

f(x) = −1.45x − 5.6

Answer

To solve the inequality $f(x) \leq 0$ graphically, start by loading f(x) = −1.45x−5.6 into Y1. Use the zero utility in the CALC menu to determine the zero of f, as shown in (c).

The graph of f intercepts the x-axis at x = −3.862069. The graph of f lies below the x-axis for all values of x that lie to the right of x = −3.862069. Therefore, the solution of $f(x) \leq 0$ is $[−3.862069,\infty) = \{x : x \geq −3.862069\}$. Answers may vary due to roundoff error.

Exercise $\PageIndex{40}$

f(x) = 1.35x + 8.6

Exercise $\PageIndex{41}$

$f(x) = −1.11x^2 −5.9940x+1.2432$

Answer

To solve the inequality $f(x) \leq 0$ graphically, start by loading $f(x) = −1.11x^2 − 5.9940x+1.2432$ into Y1. Use the zero utility in the CALC menu to determine the zeros of f, as shown in (b) and (c).

The graph of f intercepts the x-axis at x = −5.6 and x = 0.2. The graph of f lies below the x-axis for all values of x that lie to the left of x = −5.6 or to the right of x = 0.2. Therefore, the solution of $f(x) \leq 0$ is $(−\infty, −5.6] \cup [0.2,\infty)$ or $\{x : x \leq −5.6 or x \geq 0.2\}$. Answers may vary due to roundoff error.

Exercise $\PageIndex{42}$

$f(x) = 1.22x^2 − 6.3440x + 1.3176$

2.5 Exercises

Pictured below is the graph of a function f.

The table that follows evaluates the function f in the plot at key values of x. Notice the horizontal format, where the first point in the table is the ordered pair (−4, 0).

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
f(x)	0	4	4	-4	-4	0

Use the graph and the table to complete each of following tasks for Exercises $\PageIndex{1}$ - $\PageIndex{10}$.

i. Set up a coordinate system on graph paper. Label and scale each axis, then copy and label the original graph of f onto your coordinate system. Remember to draw all lines with a ruler.

ii. Use the original table to help complete the table for the given function in the exercise.

iii. Using a different colored pencil, plot the data from your completed table on the same coordinate system as the original graph of f. Use these points to help complete the graph of the given function in the exercise, then label this graph with its equation given in the exercise.

Exercise $\PageIndex{1}$

y= 2f(x).

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y

Answer

The original function table.

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
f(x)	0	4	4	-4	-4	0

Evaluate the function y = 2f(x) at x = −4, −3, 0, 2, 5, and 6.

$$y= 2f(−4) = 2(0) = 0 \\ y = 2f(−3) = 2(4) = 8 \\ y = 2f(0) = 2(4) = 8 \\ y = 2f(2) = 2(−4) = −8 \\ y = 2f(5) = 2(−4) = −8 \\ y = 2f(6) = 2(0) = 0 \nonumber$$

Points satisfying y = 2f(x).

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y	0	8	8	-8	-8	0

Plot the points in the table to get the graph of y = 2f(x).

Note that multiplying by 2, as in y = 2f(x), stretches the graph of y = f(x) vertically by a factor of 2.

Exercise $\PageIndex{2}$

y = (1/2)f(x).

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y

Exercise $\PageIndex{3}$

y = −f(x).

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y

Answer

The original function table.

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
f(x)	0	4	4	-4	-4	0

Evaluate the function y = −f(x) at x = −4, −3, 0, 2, 5, and 6.

$$y = −f(−4) = −(0) = 0 \\ y = −f(−3) = −(4) = −4 \\ y = −f(0) = −(4) = −4 \\ y = −f(2) = −(−4) = 4 \\ y = −f(5) = −(−4) = 4 \\ y = −f(6) = −(0) = 0 \nonumber$$

Points satisfying y = −f(x).

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y	0	-4	-4	4	4	0

Plot the points in the table to get the graph of y = −f(x).

Note that negating the function, as in y = −f(x), reflects the graph of y = f(x) across the x-axis.

Exercise $\PageIndex{4}$

y = f(x) − 2.

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y

Exercise $\PageIndex{5}$

y = f(x) + 4.

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y

Answer

The original function table.

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
f(x)	0	4	4	-4	-4	0

Evaluate the function y = f(x) + 4 at x = −4, −3, 0, 2, 5, and 6.

$$y = f(−4) + 4 = (0) + 4 = 4 \\y = f(−3) + 4 = (4) + 4 = 8 \\y = f(0) + 4 = (4) + 4 = 8 \\y = f(2) + 4 = (−4) + 4 = 0 \\y = f(5) + 4 = (−4) + 4 = 0 \\y = f(6) + 4 = (0) + 4 = 4 \nonumber$$

Points satisfying y = f(x) + 4.

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y	4	8	8	0	0	4

Plot the points in the table to get the graph of y = f(x) + 4.

Note that adding 4, as in y = f(x) + 4, translates the graph of y = f(x) upwards 4 units.

Exercise $\PageIndex{6}$

y = −2f(x)

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y

Exercise $\PageIndex{7}$

y = (−1/2)f(x)

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y

Answer

The original function table.

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
f(x)	0	4	4	-4	-4	0

Evaluate the function y = (−1/2)f(x) at x = −4, −3, 0, 2, 5, and 6.

$$y = (−1/2)f(−4) = (−1/2)(0) = 0 \\ y = (−1/2)f(−3) = (−1/2)(4) = −2 \\ y = (−1/2)f(0) = (−1/2)(4) = −2 \\ y = (−1/2)f(2) = (−1/2)(−4) = 2 \\ y = (−1/2)f(5) = (−1/2)(−4) = 2 \\ y = (−1/2)f(6) = (−1/2)(0) = 0 \nonumber$$

Points satisfying y = (−1/2)f(x).

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y	0	-2	-2	2	2	0

Plot the points in the table to get the graph of y = (−1/2)f(x).

Note that multiplying by −1/2, as in y = (−1/2)f(x), compresses the graph of y = f(x) vertically by a factor of 2, then reflects the result across the x-axis.

Exercise $\PageIndex{8}$

y = −f(x) + 3.

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y

Exercise $\PageIndex{9}$

y = −f(x) − 2

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y

Answer

The original function table.

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
f(x)	0	4	4	-4	-4	0

Evaluate the function y = −f(x) − 2 at x = −4, −3, 0, 2, 5, and 6.

$$y = −f(−4) − 2 = −(0) − 2 = −2 \\ y = −f(−3) − 2 = −(4) − 2 = −6\\ y = −f(0) − 2 = −(4) − 2 = −6 \\y = −f(2) − 2 = −(−4) − 2 = 2 \\y = −f(5) − 2 = −(−4) − 2 = 2 \\y = −f(6) − 2 = −(0) − 2 = −2 \nonumber$$

Points satisfying y = −f(x) − 2.

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y	-2	-6	-6	2	2	-2

Plot the points in the table to get the graph of y = −f(x) − 2.

Note that negating then subtracting 2, as in y = −f(x) − 2, first reflects the graph of y = f(x) across the x-axis, then translates the resulting reflection 2 units downward.

Exercise $\PageIndex{10}$

y = (−1/2)f(x) + 3

x	-4	-3	0	2	5	6
y

Exercise $\PageIndex{11}$

Use your graphing calculator to draw the graph of $y = \sqrt{x}$. Then, draw the graph of $y = \sqrt{x}$. In your own words, explain what you learned from this exercise.

Answer

First, draw the graph of $y = \sqrt{x}$.

The graph of $y = -\sqrt{x}$ is a reflection of the graph of $y = \sqrt{x}$ across the x-axis.

Negating a function appears to reflect the graph of the function across the x-axis.

Exercise $\PageIndex{12}$

Use your graphing calculator to draw the graph of y = |x|. Then, draw the graph of y = −|x|. In your own words, explain what you learned from this exercise.

Exercise $\PageIndex{13}$

Use your graphing calculator to draw the graph of $y = x^2$. Then, in succession, draw the graphs of $y = x^2−2$, $y = x^2−4$, and $y = x^2 − 6$. In your own words, explain what you learned from this exercise.

Answer

First, draw the graph of $y = x^2$.

Subtracting 2 (as in $y = x^2-2$) translates the graph of $y = x^2$ two units downward in the y-direction.

Similarly, subtracting 4 and 6 translates the graph of $y = x^2$ four units and 6 units downward, respectively

In general, if c is positive, then the graph of y = f(x) − c is obtained by translating the graph of y = f(x) downward c units.

Exercise $\PageIndex{14}$

Use your graphing calculator to draw the graph of $y = x^2$. Then, in succession, draw the graphs of $y = x^2+2$, $y = x^2+4$, and $y = x^2 + 6$. In your own words, explain what you learned from this exercise.

Exercise $\PageIndex{15}$

Use your graphing calculator to draw the graph of y = |x|. Then, in succession, draw the graphs of y = 2|x|, y = 3|x|, and y = 4|x|. In your own words, explain what you learned from this exercise.

Answer

First, draw the graph of y = |x|.

Multiplying by 2, as in y = 2|x|, stretches the graph of y = |x| vertically by a factor of 2.

Similarly, multiplying by 3 and 4, as in y = 3|x| and y = 4|x|, stretches the graph of y = |x| vertically by factors of 3 and 4, respectively.

In general, if a > 1, then the graph of y = af(x) is obtained by stretching the graph of y = f(x) vertically by a factor of a.

Exercise $\PageIndex{16}$

Use your graphing calculator to draw the graph of y = |x|. Then, in succession, draw the graphs of y = (1/2)|x|, y = (1/3)|x|, and y = (1/4)|x|. In your own words, explain what you learned from this exercise.

Pictured below is the graph of a function f. In Exercises $\PageIndex{17}$-$\PageIndex{22}$, use this graph to perform each of the following tasks.

i. Set up a coordinate system on a sheet of graph paper. Label and scale each axis. Make an exact copy of the graph of f on your coordinate system. Remember to draw all lines with a ruler.

ii. In the narrative, a shadow box at the end of the section summarizes the concepts and technique of vertical scaling, vertical reflection, and vertical translation. Use the shortcut ideas presented in this summary shadow box to draw the graphs of the functions that follow without using tables.

iii. Use a different colored pencil to draw the graph of the function given in the exercise. Label this graph with its equation. Be sure that key points are accurately plotted. In each exercise, please plot exactly two plots per coordinate system, the graph of original function f and the graph of the function in the exercise.

Exercise $\PageIndex{17}$

y = (1/2)f(x).

Answer

To obtain the plot of y = (1/2)f(x), simply multiply the y-value of each point on the graph of y = f(x) by 1/2, keeping the x-value the same.

Note that multiplying by 1/2, as in y = (1/2)f(x), compresses the graph of y = f(x) vertically by a factor of 2.

Exercise $\PageIndex{18}$

y = 2f(x).

Exercise $\PageIndex{19}$

y= −f(x).

Answer

To obtain the plot of y = −f(x), simply negate the y-value of each point on the graph of y = f(x).

Note that negating, as in y = −f(x), reflects the graph of y = f(x) across the x-axis.

Exercise $\PageIndex{20}$

y = f(x) − 1

Exercise $\PageIndex{21}$

y = f(x) + 3.

Answer

To obtain the plot of y = f(x) + 3, simply add 3 to the y-value of each point on the graph of y = f(x).

Note that adding 3, as in y = f(x) + 3, translates the graph of y = f(x) upwards 3 units.

Exercise $\PageIndex{22}$

y = f(x) − 4

Pictured below is the graph of a function f. In Exercises $\PageIndex{23}$-$\PageIndex{28}$, use this graph to perform each of the following tasks.

i. Set up a coordinate system on a sheet of graph paper. Label and scale each axis. Make an exact copy of the graph of f on your coordinate system. Remember to draw all lines with a ruler.

ii. In the narrative, a shadow box at the end of the section summarizes the concepts and technique of vertical scaling, vertical reflection, and vertical translation. Use the shortcut ideas presented in this summary shadow box to draw the graphs of the functions that follow without using tables.

iii. Use a different colored pencil to draw the graph of the function given in the exercise. Label this graph with its equation. Be sure that key points are accurately plotted. In each exercise, please plot exactly two plots per coordinate system, the graph of original function f and the graph of the function in the exercise.

Exercise $\PageIndex{23}$

y = 2f(x)

Answer

To obtain the plot of y = 2f(x), simply multiply the y-value of each point of y = f(x) by 2.

Note that multiplying by 2, as in y = 2f(x), stretches the graph of y = f(x) vertically by a factor of 2.

Exercise $\PageIndex{24}$

y = (1/2)f(x)

Exercise $\PageIndex{25}$

y = −f(x).

Answer

To obtain the plot of y = −f(x), simply negate the y-value of each point on the graph of y = f(x).

Note that negating a function, as in y = −f(x), reflects the graph of y = f(x) across the x-axis.

Exercise $\PageIndex{26}$

y = f(x) + 3

Exercise $\PageIndex{27}$

y = f(x) − 2

Answer

To obtain the plot of y = f(x) − 2, simply subtract 2 from the y-value of each point on the graph of y = f(x).

Note that subtracting 2, as in y = f(x)−2, translates the graph of y = f(x) downwards 2 units.

Exercise $\PageIndex{28}$

y = f(x) − 1

Pictured below is the graph of a function f. In Exercises $\PageIndex{29}$-$\PageIndex{34}$, use this graph to perform each of the following tasks.

i. Set up a coordinate system on a sheet of graph paper. Label and scale each axis. Make an exact copy of the graph of f on your coordinate system. Remember to draw all lines with a ruler.

ii. In the narrative, a shadow box at the end of the section summarizes the concepts and technique of vertical scaling, vertical reflection, and vertical translation. Use the shortcut ideas presented in this summary shadow box to draw the graphs of the functions that follow without using tables.

iii. Use a different colored pencil to draw the graph of the function given in the exercise. Label this graph with its equation. Be sure that key points are accurately plotted. In each exercise, please plot exactly two plots per coordinate system, the graph of original function f and the graph of the function in the exercise.

Exercise $\PageIndex{29}$

y = (−1/2)f(x)

Answer

We proceed in two steps:

1. First, multiply the y-value of each point on the graph of y = f(x) by 1/2 to produce the graph of y = (1/2)f(x) in (b). This compresses the graph of y = f(x) by a factor of 2.

2. Secondly, multiply the y-value of each point on the graph of y = (1/2)f(x) by −1 to produce the graph of y = (−1/2)f(x) in (c). This reflects the graph of y = (1/2)f(x) across the x-axis.

Exercise $\PageIndex{30}$

y = −2f(x).

Exercise $\PageIndex{31}$

y = −f(x) + 2

Answer

We proceed in two steps:

1. First, multiply the y-value of each point on the graph of y = f(x) by −1 to produce the graph of y = −f(x) in (b). This reflects the graph of y = f(x) across the x-axis.

2. Secondly, add 2 to the y-value of each point on the graph of y = −f(x) to produce the graph of y = −f(x) + 2 in (c). This shifts the graph of y = −f(x) upward 2 units.

Exercise $\PageIndex{32}$

y = −f(x) − 3

Exercise $\PageIndex{33}$

y = 2f(x) − 3.

Answer

We proceed in two steps:

1. First, multiply the y-value of each point on the graph of y = f(x) by 2 to produce the graph of y = 2f(x) in (b). This stretches the graph of y = f(x) vertically by a factor of 2.

2. Secondly, subtract 3 from the y-value of each point on the graph of y = 2f(x) to produce the graph of y = 2f(x) − 3 in (c). This shifts the graph of y = 2f(x) downward 3 units.

Exercise $\PageIndex{34}$

y = (−1/2)f(x) + 1

2.6 Exercises

Pictured below is the graph of a function f.

The table that follows evaluates the function f in the plot at key values of x. Notice the horizontal format, where the first point in the table is the ordered pair (−6, 0).

x	-6	-4	-2	0	2	4
f(x)	0	4	4	0	-2	0

Use the graph and the table to complete each of following tasks for Exercises $\PageIndex{1}$ - $\PageIndex{10}$.

i. Set up a coordinate system on graph paper. Label and scale each axis, then copy and label the original graph of f onto your coordinate system. Remember to draw all lines with a ruler.

ii. Use the original table to help complete the table for the given function in the exercise.

iii. Using a different colored pencil, plot the data from your completed table on the same coordinate system as the original graph of f. Use these points to help complete the graph of the given function in the exercise, then label this graph with its equation given in the exercise.

Exercise $\PageIndex{1}$

y = f(2x).

x	-3	-2	-1	0	1	2
y

Answer

The original function table.

x	-6	-4	-2	0	2	4
f(x)	0	4	4	0	-2	0

Evaluate the function y = f(2x) at x = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, and 2.

$$y = f(2(−3)) = f(−6) = 0 \\ y = f(2(−2)) = f(−4) = 4 \\ y = f(2(−1)) = f(−2) = 4 \\ y = f(2(0)) = f(0) = 0 \\ y = f(2(1)) = f(2) = −2 \\ y = f(2(2)) = f(4) = 0 \nonumber$$

Points satisfying y = f(2x).

x	-3	-2	-1	0	1	2
y	0	4	4	0	-2	0

Plot the points in the table to get the graph of y = f(2x).

Note that replacing x with 2x, as in y = f(2x), compresses the graph of y = f(x) horizontally by a factor of 2.

Exercise $\PageIndex{2}$

y = f((1/2)x).

x	-12	-8	-4	0	4	8
y

Exercise $\PageIndex{3}$

y = f(−x).

x	-4	-2	0	2	4	6
y

Answer

The original function table.

x	-6	-4	-2	0	2	4
f(x)	0	4	4	0	-2	0

Evaluate the function y = f(−x) at x = −4, −2, 0, 2, 4, and 6.

$$y = f(−(−4)) = f(4) = 0 \\ y = f(−(−2)) = f(2) = −2 \\ y = f(−(0)) = f(0) = 0 \\ y = f(−(2)) = f(−2) = 4 \\ y = f(−(4)) = f(−4) = 4 \\ y = f(−(6)) = f(−6) = 0 \nonumber$$

Points satisfying y = f(−x).

x	-4	-2	0	2	4	6
y	0	-2	0	4	4	0

Plot the points in the table to get the graph of y = f(−x).

Note that replacing x with −x, as in y = f(−x), reflects the graph of y = f(x) across the y-axis.

Exercise $\PageIndex{4}$

y = f(x + 3).

x	-9	-7	-5	-3	-1	1
y

Exercise $\PageIndex{5}$

y = f(x − 1).

x	-5	-3	-1	1	3	5
y

Answer

The original function table.

x	-6	-4	-2	0	2	4
f(x)	0	4	4	0	-2	0

Evaluate the function y = f(x − 1) at x = −5, −3, −1, 1, 3, and 5.

$$y = f((−5) − 1) = f(−6) = 0 \\ y = f((−3) − 1) = f(−4) = 4 \\ y = f((−1) − 1) = f(−2) = 4 \\ y = f((1) − 1) = f(0) = 0 \\ y = f((3) − 1) = f(2) = −2 \\ y = f((5) − 1) = f(4) = 0 \nonumber$$

Points satisfying y = f(x − 1).

x	-5	-3	-1	1	3	5
y	0	4	4	0	-2	0

Plot the points in the table to get the graph of y = f(x − 1).

Note that replacing x with x − 1, as in y = f(x − 1), translates the graph of y = f(x) horizontally 1 unit to the right.

Exercise $\PageIndex{6}$

y = f(−2x).

x	-2	-1	0	1	2	3
y

Exercise $\PageIndex{7}$

y = f((−1/2)x).

x	-8	-4	0	4	8	12
y

Answer

The original function table.

x	-6	-4	-2	0	2	4
f(x)	0	4	4	0	-2	0

Evaluate the function y = f((−1/2)x) at x = −8, −4, 0, 4, 8, and 12.

$$y = f((−1/2)(−8)) = f(4) = 0 \\ y = f((−1/2)(−4)) = f(2) = −2 \\ y = f((−1/2)(0)) = f(0) = 0 \\ y = f((−1/2)(4)) = f(−2) = 4 \\ y = f((−1/2)(8)) = f(−4) = 4 \\ y = f((−1/2)(12)) = f(−6) = 0 \nonumber$$

Points satisfying y = f((−1/2)x).

x	-8	-4	0	4	8	12
y	0	-2	0	4	4	0

Plot the points in the table to get the graph of y = f((−1/2)x).

Note that replacing x with (−1/2)x, as in y = f((−1/2)x), stretches the graph by a factor of 2, then reflects the result across the y-axis.

Exercise $\PageIndex{8}$

y= f(−x − 2)

x	-6	-4	-2	0	2	4
y

Exercise $\PageIndex{9}$

y= f(−x + 1).

x	-3	-1	1	3	5	7
y

Answer

The original function table.

x	-6	-4	-2	0	2	4
f(x)	0	4	4	0	-2	0

Evaluate the function y = f(−x + 1) at x = −3, −1, 1, 3, 5, and 7.

$$y = f(−(−3) + 1) = f(4) = 0 \\ y = f(−(−1) + 1) = f(2) = −2 \\ y = f(−(1) + 1) = f(0) = 0 \\ y = f(−(3) + 1) = f(−2) = 4 \\ y = f(−(5) + 1) = f(−4) = 4 \\ y = f(−(7) + 1) = f(−6) = 0 \nonumber$$

Points satisfying y = f(−x + 1).

x	-3	-1	1	3	5	7
y	0	-2	0	4	4	0

Plot the points in the table to get the graph of y = f(−x + 1).

Note that y = f(−x + 1) is the same as y = f(−(x − 1)). If we replace x with −x to get y = f(−x), then x in this last result with x − 1 to get y = f(−(x − 1)), this has the effect of first reflecting the graph of y = f(x) across the y-axis, then shifting the result to the right 1 unit.

Exercise $\PageIndex{10}$

y = f(−x/4).

x	-16	-8	0	8	16	24
y

Exercise $\PageIndex{11}$

Use your graphing calculator to draw the graph of $y = \sqrt{x}$. Then, draw the graph of $y = \sqrt{-x}$. In your own words, explain what you learned from this exercise.

Answer

First, draw the graph of $y = \sqrt{x}$.

The graph of $y = \sqrt{-x}$ is a reflection of the graph of $y = \sqrt{x}$ across the y-axis.

Replacing x with −x, as in y = f(−x), reflects the graph of y = f(x) across the y-axis.

Exercise $\PageIndex{12}$

Use your graphing calculator to draw the graph of y = |x|. Then, draw the graph of y = | − x|. In your own words, explain what you learned from this exercise.

Exercise $\PageIndex{13}$

Use your graphing calculator to draw the graph of $y = x^2$. Then, in succession, draw the graphs of $y = (x − 2)^2, y = (x − 4)^2$, and $y = (x − 6)^2$. In your own words, explain what you learned from this exercise.

Answer

First, draw the graph of $y = x^2$.

Replacing x with x − 2 translates the graph of $y = x^2$ two units to the right in the horizontal direction.

Similarly, replacing x with x − 4 and x − 6 translates the graph of $y = x^2$ four units and 6 units to the right, respectively.

In general, if c is positive, then the graph of y = f(x − c) is obtained by translating the graph of y = f(x) to the right c units.

Exercise $\PageIndex{14}$

Use your graphing calculator to draw the graph of $y = x^2$. Then, in succession, draw the graphs of $y = (x + 2)^2, y = (x + 4)^2$, and $y = (x + 6)^2$. In your own words, explain what you learned from this exercise.

Exercise $\PageIndex{15}$

Use your graphing calculator to draw the graph of y = |x|. Then, in succession, draw the graphs of y = |2x|, y = |3x|, and y = |4x|. In your own words, explain what you learned from this exercise.

Answer

First, draw the graph of y = |x|.

Replacing x with 2x compresses the graph of y = |x| by a factor of 2 in the horizontal direction.

Similarly, replacing x with 3x and 4x by a factor of 3 and 4 in the horizontal direction, respectively.

In general, if a > 1, then the graph of y = f(ax) is obtained by compressing the graph of y = f(x) by a factor of a in the horizontal direction.

Exercise $\PageIndex{16}$

Use your graphing calculator to draw the graph of y = |x|. Then, in succession, draw the graphs of y = |(1/2)x|, y = |(1/3)x|, and y = |(1/4)x|. In your own words, explain what you learned from this exercise.

Pictured below is the graph of a function f. In Exercises $\PageIndex{17}$-$\PageIndex{22}$, use this graph to perform each of the following tasks.

i. Set up a coordinate system on a sheet of graph paper. Label and scale each axis. Make an exact copy of the graph of f on your coordinate system. Remember to draw all lines with a ruler.

ii. In the narrative, a shadow box at the end of the section summarizes the concepts and technique of horizontal scaling, horizontal reflection, and horizontal translation. Use the shortcut ideas presented in this summary shadow box to draw the graphs of the functions that follow without using tables.

iii. Use a different colored pencil to draw the graph of the function given in the exercise. Label this graph with its equation. Be sure that key points are accurately plotted. In each exercise, please plot exactly two plots per coordinate system, the graph of original function f and the graph of the function in the exercise.

Exercise $\PageIndex{17}$

y = f(2x).

Answer

To obtain a plot for y = f(2x), take each point on the graph of y = f(x) and divide its x-value by 2, keeping the y-value the same.

Note that replacing x with 2x, as in y = f(2x), compresses the graph of y = f(x) in the horizontal direction by a factor of 2.

Exercise $\PageIndex{18}$

y = f((1/2)x).

Exercise $\PageIndex{19}$

y = f(−x).

Answer

To obtain a plot of y = f(−x), take each point on the graph of y = f(x) and negate its x-value, keeping the y-value the same.

Note that replacing x with −x, as in y = f(−x), reflects the graph of f across the y-axis.

Exercise $\PageIndex{20}$

y = f(x − 1).

Exercise $\PageIndex{21}$

y = f(x + 3).

Answer

To obtain a plot of y = f(x + 3), take each point on the graph of y = f(x) and subtract 3 from its x-value, keeping the y-value the same.

Note that replacing x with x + 3, as in y = f(x + 3), translates the graph of y = f(x) to the left 3 units.

Exercise $\PageIndex{22}$

y = f(x − 2).

Pictured below is the graph of a function f. In Exercises $\PageIndex{23}$-$\PageIndex{28}$, use this graph to perform each of the following tasks.

i. Set up a coordinate system on a sheet of graph paper. Label and scale each axis. Make an exact copy of the graph of f on your coordinate system. Remember to draw all lines with a ruler.

ii. In the narrative, a shadow box at the end of the section summarizes the concepts and technique of horizontal scaling, horizontal reflection, and horizontal translation. Use the shortcut ideas presented in this summary shadow box to draw the graphs of the functions that follow without using tables.

iii. Use a different colored pencil to draw the graph of the function given in the exercise. Label this graph with its equation. Be sure that key points are accurately plotted. In each exercise, please plot exactly two plots per coordinate system, the graph of original function f and the graph of the function in the exercise.

Exercise $\PageIndex{23}$

y = f(2x).

Answer

To obtain a plot of y = f(2x), take each point on the graph of y = f(x) and divide its x-value by 2, keeping the y-value the same.

Replacing x with 2x, as in y = f(2x), compresses the graph of y = f(x) horizontally by a factor of 2.

Exercise $\PageIndex{24}$

y = f((1/2)x).

Exercise $\PageIndex{25}$

y = f(−x).

Answer

To obtain a plot of y = f(−x), take each point on the graph of y = f(x) and negate its x-value, keeping the same y-value.

Replacing x with −x, as in y = f(−x), reflects the graph of y = f(x) across the y-axis.

Exercise $\PageIndex{26}$

y = f(x + 3)

Exercise $\PageIndex{27}$

y= f(x − 2).

Answer

To obtain a plot of y = f(x − 2), take each point on the graph of y = f(x) and add 2 to its x-value, keeping its y-value the same.

Replacing x with x − 2, as in y = f(x − 2), shifts the graph of y = f(x) to the right 2 units.

Exercise $\PageIndex{28}$

y = f(x + 1).