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- https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Austin_Peay_State_University/Supplementary_Material_for_Math_Models/01%3A_Visualizing_Data/1.06%3A_Visual_Statistics_Use_R!_(Shipunov)/1.6.04%3A_Types_of_Data/1.6.4.03%3A_Colors%2C_Names_and_Sexes_-_Nominal_DataNominal, or categorical, data, unlike ranked, are impossible to order or align. They are even farther away from numbers. For example, if we assign numerical values to males and females (say, “1” and “...Nominal, or categorical, data, unlike ranked, are impossible to order or align. They are even farther away from numbers. For example, if we assign numerical values to males and females (say, “1” and “2”), it would not imply that one sex is somehow “larger” then the other. An intermediate value (like “1.5”) is also hard to imagine. Consequently, nominal indices may be labeled with any letters, words or special characters—it does not matter.
- https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Austin_Peay_State_University/Supplementary_Material_for_Math_Models/01%3A_Visualizing_Data/1.06%3A_Visual_Statistics_Use_R!_(Shipunov)/1.6.06%3A_Two-Dimensional_Data_-_Differences/1.6.6.02%3A_Is_there_a_difference%3F_Comparing_two_samplesStudying two samples, we use the same approach with two hypotheses. The typical null hypothesis is “there is no difference between these two samples”—in other words, they are both drawn from the same ...Studying two samples, we use the same approach with two hypotheses. The typical null hypothesis is “there is no difference between these two samples”—in other words, they are both drawn from the same population. The alternative hypothesis is “there is a difference between these two samples”.
- https://math.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Purgatory/Remixer_University/Username%3A_Matthew.Lathrop@heartland.edu/Intro_Stats/1%3A_Introducing_Data/1%3A_Introduction_to_R/1.1%3A_R_and_DataIf you want R to “ingest” this kind of data, is is necessary to make sure first that the data file is located within the same directory which R regards as a working directory: However, as the data is ...If you want R to “ingest” this kind of data, is is necessary to make sure first that the data file is located within the same directory which R regards as a working directory: However, as the data is not on disk but somewhere else, to check its presence, the best way is to open it in the Internet browser using URL which should be given to you; this also makes the second step because you will see its structure in the browser window.
- https://math.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Purgatory/Remixer_University/Username%3A_Matthew.Lathrop@heartland.edu/test_cb/1%3A_How_to_process_the_data/1.8%3A_R_graphicsIn the base, default installation, several dozens of plot types are already present, more are from recommended lattice package, and much more are in the external packages from CRAN where more than a h...In the base, default installation, several dozens of plot types are already present, more are from recommended lattice package, and much more are in the external packages from CRAN where more than a half of them (several thousands!) is able to produce at least one unique type of plot. If the next command is of the same type, R will erase the content of the device and start the new plot.
- https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Austin_Peay_State_University/Supplementary_Material_for_Math_Models/01%3A_Visualizing_Data/1.06%3A_Visual_Statistics_Use_R!_(Shipunov)/1.6.09%3A_Appendices/1.6.9.03%3A_R_fragments/1.6.9.3.05%3A_R_and_Bayes(unable to fetch text document from uri [status: 403 (Forbidden)])
- https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Austin_Peay_State_University/Supplementary_Material_for_Math_Models/01%3A_Visualizing_Data/1.06%3A_Visual_Statistics_Use_R!_(Shipunov)/1.6.08%3A_Multidimensional_Data_-_Analysis_of_Structure/1.6.8.03%3A_Machine_learning(unable to fetch text document from uri [status: 403 (Forbidden)])
- https://math.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Purgatory/Remixer_University/Username%3A_Matthew.Lathrop@heartland.edu/Test_delmar2/1%3A_How_to_process_the_data/1.9%3A_Answers_to_exercisesTo know the structure, (1) we need to look on this file from R with url.show() (or without R, in the Internet browser), and also (2) to look on the companion file, eggs_c.txt. Then close R as usual, o...To know the structure, (1) we need to look on this file from R with url.show() (or without R, in the Internet browser), and also (2) to look on the companion file, eggs_c.txt. Then close R as usual, open it again, direct it (through the menu or with setwd() command) to make the test subdirectory the working directory, and run:
- https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Austin_Peay_State_University/Supplementary_Material_for_Math_Models/01%3A_Visualizing_Data/1.06%3A_Visual_Statistics_Use_R!_(Shipunov)/1.6.09%3A_Appendices/1.6.9.03%3A_R_fragments/1.6.9.3.08%3A_Answers_to_exercises(unable to fetch text document from uri [status: 403 (Forbidden)])
- https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Austin_Peay_State_University/Supplementary_Material_for_Math_Models/01%3A_Visualizing_Data/1.06%3A_Visual_Statistics_Use_R!_(Shipunov)/1.6.08%3A_Multidimensional_Data_-_Analysis_of_Structure/1.6.8.05%3A_Deep_Learning(unable to fetch text document from uri [status: 403 (Forbidden)])
- https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Austin_Peay_State_University/Supplementary_Material_for_Math_Models/01%3A_Visualizing_Data/1.06%3A_Visual_Statistics_Use_R!_(Shipunov)/1.6.08%3A_Multidimensional_Data_-_Analysis_of_Structure/1.6.8.02%3A_Classification_without_learning(unable to fetch text document from uri [status: 403 (Forbidden)])
- https://math.libretexts.org/Under_Construction/Purgatory/Remixer_University/Username%3A_Matthew.Lathrop@heartland.edu/test_cb/1%3A_How_to_process_the_data/1.7%3A_R_and_DataIf you want R to “ingest” this kind of data, is is necessary to make sure first that the data file is located within the same directory which R regards as a working directory: However, as the data is ...If you want R to “ingest” this kind of data, is is necessary to make sure first that the data file is located within the same directory which R regards as a working directory: However, as the data is not on disk but somewhere else, to check its presence, the best way is to open it in the Internet browser using URL which should be given to you; this also makes the second step because you will see its structure in the browser window.